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Theodulf of Orlgan® Theological Education THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

the pallium. The relation between Theodulf and Alcuin was cordial, but Alcuin made an effort to secure Theodulf's aid in the Adoptionist controversy (see ADGPTIONISM) against Felix of Urgel. Theodulf became more prominent in theology after Alcuin's death, following in the latter's scientific method and taking part in the dispute over the procession of the Holy Spirit, being prompted by the commission of the emperor. His proof of the Western doctrine was a series of citations from the Fathers, later entitled, De spiritu sancto veterum patrum sententice, good a pcttre,filioque procedat. His reply to Charlemagne's circular inquiry of 812, concerning the faithful administration of baptism, manifests solid learning and thorough and skilful familiarity and thoughtfulness regarding his official duties. What especially commended him to the emperor and to posterity was his esthetic endowment. He was an industrious student of the Fathers, the philosophers, the grammarians and poets, and the Latin classics in particular. For a much admired church building at Germigny in Neustria he brought the model from Aix-la-Chapelle. The Bible manuscripts illustrated under his direction are still admired as rarities of art. He was wont to preface a valuable codex with a personal autograph in verse.

Along this line he had masterful descriptive powers; and he was easily the first poet of the Carolingian period. Only fragments remain of his great didactic poem on the revelation and acts of Christ, on rewards and punishments beyond, the battle on earth with evil, and on the duties of bishops (i., ii.). Most charming of all, even to the present day, are his epistolary poems; they penetrate the society at the court, attach striking characteristics to friend and foe, reflect on every hand the historical events of the day, and continue tireless in their praises of the overtowering greatness and the peculiar services I of Charles in State and Church (xxv., xxvii.). The great monarch liked to avail himself of the poet's muse, when, for instance, at the death of the queen, 794, Theodulf composed the epitaph; and likewise upon the death of Pope Hadrian I. The confidential relations between him and the emperor were never interrupted. He was honored as one of the witnesses to the emperor's will in 811. He himself lauds eloquently the latter's zeal for the moral promotion of the whole people. Upon the king he looks as the lord of the Church (xxxii.). After the death of Charlemagne he hastened by courier to offer his homage to Louis the Pious, and received him with great pomp. From 818, however, his favor waned. Theodulf was among the bishops who supported the insurrection of King Bernard of Italy against his uncle. With its suppression, Theodulf's fate was removal from his see and retirement to the monastery. He wandered to Angers, giving poetic vent to the protesting of his innocence and to wrath against the incompetent judgment. The PalmSunday hymn, " Gloria, laus et honor," is ascribed to him (many versions in English, one by J. M. Neale, " All glory, laud and honor ").

(FRIEDRICH WTEGAND.)

BIBLrod$1,pHY: The first collection of the writings of Theo- dulph was by J. Sirmond, Paris, 1646; the moat conve- nient source to consult is MPL, cv. 187-380; the Versus contra judices, ed. H. Hagen, appeared Bern, 1882; for 328 supplementary sources use J. Maliillon, Velera analecta, i. 383 sqq., Paris, 1723, Sirmond, Opera varies, ii. 865 892, Venice, 1728, and Diimmler, in MGH, Poet. Lest. a7n Carol., i (1881), 437-581. Consult: J. C. F. BShr, (7eachichte der romischen Litteratur im karolingischen Zeit alter, pp. 91-95, Carlsruhe; 1840; L. Bannard, Theo dulphe i0que d'Orleans, 1860; B. Haur6au, SingularitEa h%atoriques et litteraires, Paris, 1861; S. Abel, Jahrbiicher des frankiachen Reicha unter Karl dem Croasen, ed. B. Simson, passim, Munich, 1866 B. Simson, Jahrbiicher des jrSnkischen Reiches outer Ludwig dem Frommen, i. 114 sqq., Munich, 1874; E. Rzehulka, Theodulf Bischof von Orleans, Breslau, 1875; A. Ebert, in Berichte fiber die Verhandlung der k6niglichen s5chsischen Gesellschaft der Wiasenschaft, ii (1878), 95 aqq.; idem, Allgemeine Ge achichte der Literatur des MittelaltCrs, ii. 70-84, Leipsie, 1880; E. Dummler, in NA, iv (1879), 241-250; C. Port, L'Hymne Gloria laus, Angels, 1879; idem, Encore.fhymne Gloria Zaus, ib. 1879; Lierseh Die Gedichte Theodulfs Biachofa von Orleans, Halle, 1880; C. Cuissard, Theodulphe ea4que d'Orleana, Orleans, 1892; S. Berger, Hist. de la Vulgate, pp. 145-184, Paris, 1893; L. Delisle, in Biblio wque de f&ole des charter, al. 1-47; Histoire Zitteraire do 7a France, iv. 459-474; Hauck, KD, ii. 491 aqq. et passim. THEOGNOSTUS, thi"og-nos'tus: Alexandrian catechist of the second half of the third century. According to an anonymous excerpt from the " Christian History " of Philip of Side (q.v.), Theognostus was the successor of Pierius in the conduct of the Alexandrine catechetical school; but the information in the excerpt is subject to seri ous doubts, which are in part capable of substantia tion. Georgius of Corcyra named Theognostus as one of the distinguished teachers, and from the time of Dionysius and Pierius it has been concluded that he was more probably the predecessor of the latter. His time of activity may be presumed to have been between 247-248 and c. 280. Theognos tus was author of a kind of compendium of dog matics in seven books, no doubt intended for use in the school and entitled Hypotyp8seis. A bare report of the work was given by Photius (Bibliotheca, codex 116). Fragments have been preserved, two by Athanasiua, accompained with lavish praise for Theognostus, one by Gregory of Nyssa, and one in the Venetian Codex of St. Mark. The work fol lowed closely the Origenistic views, and defended against Neoplatonism the non-eternity of matter, the possibility of a Son of God, and the incarnation. Of the time of its issue nothing can rb~e ~p,roximately determined. (ERWIN 1 nw:TJBCITEN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The remains are in MPG, x. 235-242; and with commentary, ed. F. Diekamp, in TQS, lxxxiv (1902), 481 sqq.; as well as by Harnack, in T U, ut inf. An Eng. transl. is to be found in ANF, vi. 155-15(i. Besides Me literature under ALE%ANDRIA, SCHOOL or, consult: U. Chevalier, R_pertoire des sources hisloriques du moyen-fige, i. 2182, Paris, 1894-99, and ANF, Index volume p. 70 (for older authorities); L. B. Radford, Three Teachers of Alexandria, Cambridge and New York, 1908; Bardenhewer, Gesehichte, ii. 195-198; Harnaek, Litteratur,, i. 437 aqq., ii. 2, pp. Bfi aqq.; idem, Dogma, iii. 98 sqq., 134, iv.; idem, 45, 331; idem, in TU, xxiv. 3 (1903); Kruger, History, P· 217.

THEOLOGIA GERMAPTICA: A mystical work of the end of the fourteenth century. It has attained its fame chiefly because it was discovered and first published by Luther. First he carne into possession of a small fragment which he published under the title, Ein geystlieh edles Buchteyn (1516). Afterward he obtained a complete manuscript which he published under the title, Eyn deutsch Theo logies (Wittenberg, 1518), reprinted under the title,

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