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32'7 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Theodosius of Ale$aadri8 Theodulf of Orl6aas

against his Christian conviction, to make concessions to the importunate friends of the gods. Thus paganism revived once more. But on Sept. 6, 394, Eugenius was slain in a fierce battle along the Frigidus, near Aquileia. There duly followed the suppression of pagan superstition: Theodosius himself took direct control of the imperial sovereignty and found it possible to carry out a stronger policy of action. It was under him, especially, that the religion of antiquity vanished from public life and came to be styled " paganism." And with all this went regard for the advancement of the moral and religious tasks of the Church. The emperor also upheld firmly the cause of the State, and made it the means of control of ecclesiastical abuse. His policy toward the Jews opposed mixed marriages between Christians and Hebrews, and forbade the latter to hold Christian slaves. But he insisted on the observance of the law which insured religious freedom to the Jews, and threatened severe penalties against any violence to their synagogues.

Some significance attaches, in the life of the emperor, to his relations with Ambrose. According to the account of Ambrose the following was the course of events. (1) The assassination, by the infuriated rabble, of the local commander, Rotherich, moved Ambrose to intercede with the emperor, who could not be induced to commit himself to a definite promise. (2) On the contrary, under the influence of his counselor Rufinus, Theodosius ordered a rigorous chastisement. (3) The brutal and underhand manner whereby the sentence was executed does not permit the emperor to be h81d accountable for this feature of the case. (4) Ambrose failed to make allowances and demanded penance. (5) The emperor thereupon submitted to public penance before the assembled congregation.

The name of Theodosius is linked with an eventful period in the final stage of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. He was a leader who combined clear insight with determination and energy. The combination of prince and soldier in Roman imperial history found its last successful embodiment in the person and deeds of Theodosius. What seemed the impossible task of pacifying the Goths was accomplished. A benevolent plan of legislation was prosecuted consistently to counteract evils of chronic transmission within the political fabric and the social organism. The piety of Theodosius was deep and sincere, and strongly independent as against hierarchical pretensions. In all his imperial dealing he had the conscience of a Christian prince. VICTOR SCHULTZE.

Brsirocnerar: L. S. Le N. de Tillemont, Histoire des em pereurs, vol. v., fi vols., Paris, 1700-38; J. H. 9tuffken, Dissertatio de Theodoaio Magna, Leyden, 1828; M. Flt; chier, Hist. de Theodose le Grand, Paris, 1860; W. Frbhner, Les Medaillons de l'empire romain, Paris, 1878; A. Giil denpenning and J. Island, Der Kaiser Theodosius der Grosse, Halls, 1878; W. Unger, Quellen der byzantinischen Kunslgeschichte, vol. i., Vienna, 1878; H. Schiller, Ge schichEe der romischen Kaiserzeit, vol. ii., Goths, 1887; V. Schultze, Geschichte des Unterganges des . ~ . Heiden tuma, 2 vole., Jena, 1887-92; G. Rauschen, Jahrbiicker der christlichen Kirche enter dem Kaiser Theodosius dem Grosser, Freiburg, 1897; W. K. Boyde, The Ecclesiastical Edicts of the Theodosian Code, New York, 1905; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chaps. xxvi.-xxvii.; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 63 sqq. et passim; Neander, Christian -'hurch,

ii. 94-99 et passim; and in general the works on the his tory of the period. The Theodoaian Code was edited by Mommaen, Berlin, 1905.

THEODOSIUS ZYGOMALAS: Greek theologian of the sixteenth century; b. in 1544. He held the position of first secretary to the Conatantinopolitan patriarch, Jeremias II. Considerable is known of him through Stephen Gerlach, who at that time was chaplain to the German embassy at Constantinople. Gerlach brought about a literary intercourse be tween Theodosius and certain scholars at Tiibingen. The Turcogrcecia (Basel, 1584) of Martin Cruaius, a valuable source of information regarding the Christian orient of the sixteenth century, is largely compiled from communications of Theodosius. From the literary remains of Gerlach, Crusius copied the two brief works entitled Geographica de marts Sinai, Atho, aliisquz Grcecite Zocis. In 1578 he sent Gerlach communications containing information re garding the bishops, priests, and monasteries col lected from almost the entire domain of the orthodox churches. His position under the ecumenical patriarch as collector from the dioceses of the alms by which the poll=tax for the Greek Christians living under the Turkish yoke was paid to the sultan, afforded him exceptional opportunities for gather ing reliable information. He is important for the West chiefly as the author of the replies of the patriarch to the Wurttemberg theologians (see JEREMIA$ IL). (PHILIPP MEYER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the Turcogro;cia of Crueius named in the text, consult: Stephen Gerlachs des Aelteren Tagebuch, ed. S. Gerlach, Frankfort, 187; E. Le Grand, Notice bibliograPhique sur Jean et Theodoai Zygomalas, Paris, 1889; P. Meyer, Die theologische Litteratur der priechi echen Kirche im 16. Jahrhundert, Leipaie, 1899.

THEODOTION. See BIBLE VERSIONS, A, L, 2, § 3.

THEODOTUS THE TANNER. See MONARCHIAN Ism, III., §§ 1-2.

THEODULF, thi'o-dulf, OF. ORLEANS: Poet and theologian at the court of Charlemagne; b. apparently in Spain, c. 760; d. in exile at Angers (190 m. s.w. of Paris) Sept. 18, 821. Of Gothic descent, unable on account of troubles to remain in his own country, he was received by Charlemagne, and the king made him bishop of Orlians, a dignity which he occupied as early as 798. To this several abbeys were added, probably St. Mesmin and St. Fleury on the Loire, and at least Aignan. He proved himself worthy of the trust. A collection of ecclesiastical regulations has come down in a twofold series of forty chapters and a longer capitulary, relating to the duties of priests and synods and the welfare and discipline' of the laity, and, particularly, to the Carolingian policy of public schools in villages and towns. To secure co-workers he peopled St. Meamin with Benedictines and introduced monastic reforms, and he established a hospice for strangers. In 798 he was entrusted by Charlemagne with a mission to Septimania and Provence. He described this journey in a worthy poem. He offers a word of solemn warning to the Frankish judges against official temptations (Carmen xxviii.), and adds that in comparison with the Mosaic, the Frankish law was exceedingly strict. His leniency in the judgment of Leo III. secured him