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Sword THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 198 Symbolics Olique neuchdteloise ind6pendante de Utat, Neuchhtel, 1897; J. Favre, Il y a cinquante ana, Lausanne, 1897; E. Monvert, Hist. de la fondation de l'4lise hangNique neuchhteloise, NeuehAtel, 1898; R. Dupraz, Fondation de l'eglise evang&ique libre du canton de Vaud, Lausanne, n. d.; the journals Le Chretien _vangelique, 1847-97, and Le Messager; and literature under VINET, ALEXANDER. On the Roman Catholic Church consult: Der Basler Religionsprozess vom Jahre 1884-86, Bern, 1885; C. Woeste, Hist. du culturkampf en Suisse, 1871-86, Brus sels, 1887; A. Bachi, Die katholische Kirche in der Schweiz, Munich, 1902; J. Beck, Die katholisch-sociale Bewegung in der Schweiz, Bern, 1903; P. G. Gschwind, Geschichte der Entstehung der christkatholiachen Kirche der Schweiz, 2 vols., Basel, 1904-10. SWORD, BRETHREN OF THE (Fratres mili tice Christi): An order founded by Bishop Albert of Appeldern in Livonia in 1202 and patterned after the Templars (q.v.). The name is derived from the fact that the members of the order wore upon their white mantle as an insignium a red sword alongside of a red cross. The purpose of the bishop was the securing of the Christian colony in Livonia and the extension of its bounds. The founding of the order was ratified by Innocent III. in 1202, and the rule prescribed was that of the Templars. There were three classes of members: knights, of noble birth and obligated to soldierly duties; spirituals, whose duty was the conduct of divine service; and serving brethren, who performed the lower duties pertain ing to service in war, had household duties, and aided by using their skill as handicraftsmen. The numbers, at first small, rapidly increased under the political conditions of the time and place, and early claimed one-third of the region, the subjection of which was the object of the foundation. Campaigns were carried on in the surrounding regions, in Lithuania, Russia, and Denmark, and the result, by 1230, was to decimate the numbers of the order, while the number of accessions continually lessened. Proposals were then made for union with the Teu tonic Order, and in 1237 this union was accom plished, and the fortunes of the Brethren of the Sword were thenceforth those of the Teutonic Order. BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Voigt, Geschichte Freussena, vols. i.-ii., KSnigsberg, 1827; K. von Schl6zer, Livland and die An fange deutschen Lebens im baltischen Nord, Berlin, 1850; F. G., von Binge, Der Orden der Schwertbruder, Leipsic, 1875; idem, Geschichte der Ostzeeprovinzen, vol. i., Mitau, 1879; H. Hildebrand, Livonica, Riga, 1887; Dragendorff, Ueber die Beamten des Deutachen Ordens in Lieland wah rend des 13. Jahrhunderts, Berlin, 1894; Pfiilf, in Stim men aus Maria-Laaeh, Iii (1897), 58 sqq.; KL, x. 2115 2118. SYLLABUS OF ERRORS, PAPAL: An index or catalogue of eighty heresies condemned by Pope Pius IX., Dec. 8, 1864, on the basis of several en cyclical letters and consistorial allocutions issued previously by the same pontiff. The number of heresies was probably suggested by the work of Epiphanius against the eighty heresies of the first three centuries, which were mostly of a Gnostic character. The papal document is purely nega tive, but indirectly it teaches and enjoins the very opposite of what it condemns as error. It is divided into ten sections. The first condemns pantheism, naturalism, and absolute rationalism; the second, moderate rationalism; the third, indifferentism and latitudinariarlism; the fourth, socialism, commu nism, secret societies, Bible societies, and other
" pests of this description "; the fifth, errors concerning the Church and her rights; the sixth, errors concerning civil society; the seventh, errors of natural and Christian ethics; the eighth, errors concerning Christian marriage; the ninth, errors concerning the temporal power of the pope; the tenth, errors of modern liberalism. Among the errors condemned are the principles of civil and religious liberty, and the separation of Church and State. The Syllabus impliedly asserts the infallibility of the pope, the exclusive right of Romanism to recognition by the civil government, the unlawfulness of all religions other than the Roman Catholic, the complete independence of the papal hierarchy, the power of the Roman Church to coerce and enforce, and its supreme control over public education, science, and literature. It reasserts all the extravagant claims of the medieval papacy, and is a declaration of war against modern civilization and progress.
What authority attaches to this document? Cardinal Newman, in his defense of the Syllabus against Gladstone's attack, virtually denied its dogmatic force, saying (Letter to the Duke of Norfolk, p. 108), " We can no more accept the Syllabus as de file, as a dogmatic document, than any other index or table of contents." But the Syllabus is more than a mere index, and contains as many definitions and judgments as titles. Moreover, the papal infallibility decree of 1870 makes all ex cathedra or official utterances of the pope on matters of faith and discipline infallible. The Syllabus is an official document, addressed to all the bishops of the Roman Catholic world, and sent to them with a papal encyclical. Its infallibility was at once asserted by Cardinal Hergenr6ther (cf. J. J. I. von Dollinger, Das Papatthum, ed. J. Friedrich, p. 281, Munich, 1892). The quotations made from it by Leo XIII. and in 1907 by Pius X. in his encyclical Pascendi gregis seem to confirm its infallible authority. Pius X. quotes it extensively at least twice (cf. The Programme of Modernism, pp. 195, 222, New York, 1908). At the opening of the Vatican Council (q.v.) a part of the program was solemnly to ratify the Syllabus (T. Granderath, Geschichte des vatikanischen Konzils, i. 357, Freiburg, 1903; J. Friedrich, Geschichte des vatikanischen Konzals, i. 749, Bonn, 1877), but this was not formally carried out. Clothed with infallible authority, and followed by the decrees of the Vatican Council, the Syllabus provoked and stimulated the so-called Kulturkampf in Germany, a pamphlet war in England about its bearing on civil and political allegiance, and led to serious conflicts between Church and State in Italy, Austria, Prussia, France, Belgium, and Brazil. Where Church and State are united, there must be collision when each claims sovereignty, and the one claims infallible authority in addition. Even in the United States, the Syllabus comes into crisp conflict with the functions of government as recognized%by the statutes of the land. The State claims and exercises the right and duty of educating the people for intelligent and useful citizenship; while the Syllabus condemns all public education which is not controlled by the teaching of the Roman Church, and stimulates the
