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Stephen THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 84 Stephene Stephen IX. (Fr6d6ric of Lorraine): Pope 1057 1058. He was one of the three sons of Duke Gozelo of Lorraine. He was educated at Liege, and be came archdeacon at the church of St. Lambert. Leo IX. induced him in 1049 to go to Rome, where he became cardinal deacon, and in 1051 chancellor and librarian; in 1054 he was a member of an em bassy to Constantinople, returning after the death of Leo and retiring into the monastery of Monte Cassino (1055), the abbot of which he became two years later. In the same year (1057) Victor If. died, and Fr6deric was elected in his place. Since the election occurred without understanding with the widow of Henry III., it implied an open violation of the im perial rights; at the same time it showed that the re form party considered it the right time to abolish im perial control over the papacy. If this was the aim, there could have been found no more suitable person than Fr6d6ric for the papal chair, since his brother Duke Godfrey, as husband of Marchioness Beatrix of Tuscany, possessed the chief power in Italy. But an immediate rupture with the empire was avoided. The activity of Stephen was directed in the first place to the enforcement of the law of celibacy; but more important for the future was his attitude to ward the Patarenes of Milan. By not merely toler ating, but even approving, revolutionary procedures, he formed the union between the papacy and the democrats of Upper Italy which was so successful for both parties. He died at Florence Mar. 29, 1058. (A. HAucx.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Ducheane, ii . 278, 334, 356. Paris, 1892; Jaff_, Repesta, i. 553 sqq.; J. DL Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum . . vitos, i. 188 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 351, Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der PapsEe, ii. 262, Elberfeld, 1869; J. WattendorfE, Papst Stephan IX., Paderborn, 1883 ; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrblicher des deutscheu Reichea enter Heinrich IV. and Heinrich V., i. 30 sqq., Leipsie, 1890; J. Langen, G eschichte der r8mi achen Kirche, iii. 494, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 70-111, London, 1896 ; Mann, Popes, x. 381 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 363-365; Platina, Popes, i. 276-277; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 279 294; Hauck, KD, iii. 669 aqq.; Hefele, Conciliengeachichte, iv. 791. STEPHEN BAR ZUDHAILE (ZUD(H)AILI or SUDAILI): Syrian mystic of the sixth century. He lived for a time in Egypt as the pupil of one John the Egyptian, and later resided at Edessa and finally at Jerusalem. He was a contemporary of Jacob of Sarug (q.v.), who addressed a letter to him, while Philoxenus (q.v.) wrote certain priests of Edessa concerning him. He is said to have taught that the punishments of hell were finite, and that baptism and the Eucharist were superfluous. He receives a special anathema in the creed of Philox enus and in the Jacobite ordination liturgy. Ac cording to Barhebroeus, Stephen was the author of a work " On the Hidden Mysteries of God," which was ascribed to Hierotheus, a disciple of St. Paul (MSS. in the British Museum and Bibliotheque Nationale, and at Berlin; the British Museum MS., cod. Rich. 7189, is evidently the very one used by Barhebraeus). The exact relation of the work to Dionysius the Areopagite (q.v.) is not yet entirely clear. It is held by A. Merx that not only the medie val mystics of the West, but also the Mohammedan
Sufis, derived their most fruitful- concepts from the Syrian mystic, Stephen bar Zudhaile. E. NESTLE.
BaLxoaserax: Older literature and sources are: Abulfaraj (Barhebrmus), H iat. eccl., i. 221; J. S. Assemani, Bi3liotheca orientalis, i. 303, ii. 30-33, 290; J. Abbeloos, De vita et acriptia S. Jacobi Bathnarum Sarugi episcopi, Louvain, 1867. Consult further: A. L. Frothingham, On the Book of Hierotheua by a Syrian Mystic of the 6th. Century, in Proceedings of the American Oriental Society, 1884, pp. z.-xiii.; idem, Stephen bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic and the Book of Hierotheus, Leyden, 1886 (cf. Loofs in Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1884, pp. 554-555, and B&thgen in the same, 1887, no. 10); V. Ryssel, Das " Buch den Xierotheus," in ZKG, x (1887), 156-158; A. Merx, Die Idee and Grundlegung einer allgemeiuen Gesehichte der Mystik, Heidelberg, 1893; W. Wright, A Short Hist. of Syriac Literature, pp. 76-77, London, 1894 ; R.. Duval, La Litlkrature syrtaque, pp. 358-360, 438, Paris, 1899; C. Broekelinann, in Iritteratur den Osten&, vii. 2 (1907), 28.
STEPHEN DE BORBONE (DE VELLAVILLA):Dominican author; b. at Belleville (24 m. n. of Lyons) c. 1190; d. at Lyons c. 1261. He studied at the cathedral school in M:3con and at Paris. In 1223 he was in Lyons among the Dominicans whose first settlement he had witnessed in Paris. He was zealous in his attempt to convert heretics; in V6zelay (Yonne) he preached the crusade against the Albigenses; about 1235 he labored in the diocese of Valence in Dauphins; to convert the Waldenses (q.v.) and soon afterward was entrusted with the'conduct of Inquisition against them. The last years of his life he devoted to the book which made him famous, Tractatus de diversis materiis prcedicabilibus, mrdirsatis et distinctis in septem partes secundum septem donor Spiritus Sancti. It was primarily intended to be used in the preparation of sermons, and was a compilation of anecdotes, illustrations, incidents, and the like, taken in part from previous compilations, in part derived from contemporaneous events in his own official life. It is of historical value as a source of knowledge of the thirteenth century.
Brsrroaxeray: J. Qu_tif and J. Echard, Scriptorea ordinia pradieatorum, i. 174 sqq., Paris, 1719; Hist. littcraire de la France, xix. 27 aqq.; A. Lecoy de la Marche, La Chairs frarepaiae au moyen-kge, pp. 106 sqq., ib. 1868; idem, Anecdotes h%atortques, lkgendes et apdogues, tirl du recueil inFdit d'EE%eane de Bourbon, ib. 1877; B. Haureau, in Jour nal den savants, 1881, pp. 591 aqq., 739 sqq.; K. Miiller, Die 1Valdenaer and ihre einzdnen Gruppeu, Goths, 1866; KL, xi. 766-767.
STEPHEN HARDING. See HARDING, STEPHEN.STEPHEN OF TOI7RNAI: Canoeist; b. at Orleans shortly before 1130; d. at Tournai in Sept., 1203. He received his first instruction in his native city, and entered the chapter of St. Evurtius of the Congregation at St. Victor. He must have been canon and cantor as early as 1152. He then received permission to complete his studies in Bologna, where he heard Bulgarus on civil law and Rufinus on canon law. In 1167 Stephen became abbot of St. Evurtius, and ten years later abbot of St. Genevieve in Paris, belonging to the Congregation of St. Victor. In 1192 he was elected bishop of Tournai. The work, completed about 1160, that made his name famous, was his Summa on the Decretum Gratiani. It had an important influence upon ecclesiastical jurisdiction and canon law in the Middle Ages. Stephen was a gifted and enthusiastic preacher,
