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and promised to justify himself to the pope through the vicar-general by a detailed exposition of his indulgence theses. Thereafter Staupitz was under suspicion of the Curia as a follower of Luther. Staupitz advised Luther to withdraw to .a cloister and so relieve his superiors, spiritual and temporal, from the embarrassment he was causing them, and later suggested a retirement to the University of Paris. His dealing with Luther at this juncture was not that merely of superior officer, but of friend and like-minded thinker. He wished also to relieve the order from the danger of sharing in Luther's fortunes. On Aug. 20, 1520, Staupitz laid aside his office as vicar-general.

The next activity of Staupitz came through a call of the cardinal-bishop Matthaus Lang as court preacher to Salzburg, but the pope required of him a sworn statement of non-participation in Luther's articles. Staupitz refused on the ground that he would not take back what he had never advanced; in this Luther with some right saw a half-lie. In order totally to part Staupitz and Luther, Lang made Staupitz abbot of the old wealthy Benedictine abbey of St. Peter in Salzburg. Staupitz had now become frightened because of the new attacks of Luther in the matter of monastic vows and the marriage of priests, the abolishing of the mass, and the exit of monks and nuns from the houses. In his office as abbot he devoted himself to religious instruction and the service of souls with a singular zeal. Two deliverances of Staupitz are of importance here. In one, of the year 1523 (printed in C. Crartner, Salzburgische ,gelehrte Unterhandlungen, ii. 67-72, Salzburg, 1812), he mildly reproached Stephen Agricola (q.v.) for opposing his subjective opinion to the decisions of the Church. The second, later in the same year, was sharper, and advanced the propositions that heretics must be punished since the sheep must be protected from the wolves, that the adherents of Luther were by the pope's bulls and the emperor's edicts placed in the position of heretics, that a single proved point of heresy was sufficient to convict, and that Agricola was guilty in many points. On Dec. 28 Staupitz had a stroke of apoplexy which brought him to his end.

BI13LIOGRAPHY: The German writings of Staupitz were edited by J. K. F. Knaake, Potsdam, 1867. A life, using a rich fund of new sources and antiquating earlier accounts is T. Kolde's Die deutsche Augustinerkongrepation and Johann von Staupitz, Goths, 1879. For readers of English the best consecutive account is in C. Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, ii. 234-253. Further literature is by L. Keller, Die Reformation and die dlteren Rejormparteien in ihrem Zusammenhanoe darpeslellt, Leipsie, 1885; idem, Johann von Staupitz and die Anfdnpe der Reformation, ib. 1888 (cf. T. Kolde in ZKG, vii., 1885, pp. 426 sqqJ; A. Ritsehl, Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtjertipunp unZl Versiuhnunp, i.124 sqq., 3d ed., Bonn, 1889, Eng. transl. of earlier ed., Critical Hist. of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation, Edinburgh, 1872; E. Favre, in Libre Chrffien, vi. 17-34. Valuable periodical literature is indicated in Richardson, Encyclopcedia, p. 1041; the reader is also directed to the litera-

ture under LUTHER, since the biographies of that Reformer contain necessarily many references to the subject of this sketch.

STAVE, st8've, ERIK ERIKS014: Swedish Protestant; b. at Gustafs (a village of Dalarne) June 10, 1857. He was educated at the University of Upsala (1880-89), where he became privet-docent for exegesis in 1889, and was substitute professor in the same university for exegesis, dogmatics, and moral theology (1892-99). In 1899 he was appointed associate professor of exegesis at Upsala, and since the following year has been full professor of the same subject. Since 1901 he has been editor of the quarterly Bibelforskaren, and has written Om aposteln Pauli fork&llande till Jesu historiskt lif och l4ra (L?psala, 1889); Sion Gennesaret och dess ndirmaste omgifningar (Stockholm, 1892); Genom Palestine, Minnen frdn en resa v&ren 1891 (1893); Daniels bok oversatt och i korthet forklarad (LTpsala, 1894); Ueber den Einftuss des Parsismus auf das Jtedentum (Haarlem, 1898); Bilder fr&n landtbefolkningens lif i Palestine (Upsala, 1899); Mat-

' teus-evangeliet utdagdt for bibellksare (1900); Bilder fr8n folkets lif i Palestine (Stockholm, 1901); Om Gemla Testamentets messianska profetior (LTpsala, 1903); and Bibliske foredrag for ungdom (1904).

STEARNS, LEWIS FRENCH: American Congregationalist; b. at IVewburyport, Mass., Mar. 10, 1847; d. at Bangor, Me., Feb. 9, 1892. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J., 1867; studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1869-70; in the universities of Berlin and Leip. sic, 1870-71; was graduated from UnionTheological Seminary, New York, 1871-72; was pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Norwood, N. J., 1873-76; professor of history and belles-lettres, Albion College, Albion, Mich., 1876-79; from 1880 professor of systematic theology in the Bangor Theological Seminary. He was the author of Evidence of Christian Experience: Ely Lectures for 1890 (New York, 1890) ; Henry Boynton Smith (1892); and the posthumous Present-day Theology; with biographical Sketch, by G: L. Prentiss (1893). Just before his death he declined on conscientious grounds a call to the chair of systematic theology in Union Theological Seminary, New York. He was one of the most promising of American theologians of his day.

STEARNS, OAKMAN SPRAGUE: American Baptist; b. at Bath, Me., Oct. 20, 1817; d, in Newton Centre, Mass., Apr. 20, 1893. He was graduated from Waterville College, Me., 1840, and from Newton Theological Institution, Mass., 1846; was instructor in Hebrew there, 1846-47; pastor at Southbridge, Mass., 1847-54; Newark, N. J., 18541855; Newton Centre, Mass., 1355-68; and from 1868 was professor of Biblical interpretation of the Old Testament in Newton Theological Institution. He translated Sartorius' The Person and Work of Christ (Boston, 1848); was author of A Syllabus of the Messianic Passages in the Old Testament (1884); and Introduction to the Books of the Old Testament; with Analyses and Illustrative Literature (1888).

STEBBINS, GEORGE COLES: Congregational evangelist; b. at East Carlton, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1846. He was educated at Albion Academy, Albion, N. Y.