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71 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Station Staupitz the handbooks of the various denominations, in most cases these being the result of compilation by central officers or authorities in each religious body. STAUFF, shtauf, ARGULA VON (ARGULA VON GRUMBACH) : First authoress of the German Reformation; b. before 1490; d. at Zeilitzheim in Lower Franconia, 1554. She received an unusually good education; under Duke Albrecht of Bavaria (d. 1508) she became lady-in-waiting to Duchess Kunigunde, and probably while at court married Friedrich von Grttmbach of Franconia. She early adopted the doctrine of Luther, with whom she was on terms of friendship after 1522, and because a zealous student of the Bible. Her first step in literary activity was induced by the condemnation of Arsacius Seehofer (q.v.). On Sept. 20, 1520, on the ground that no one else had protested against forcing Seehofer to deny the Gospel, she addressed to the rector and University of Ingolstadt a protest, which was printed and widely circulated. The religious edict of Bavaria of Mar. 5, 1522, against all Lutheranism did not change her attitude and she declared that " One must bow to authority, but concerning the Word of God neither pope, em peror, nor prince has the right to command." When she continued her literary activity, the authorities of the university would not deign to answer a woman, but requested the duke to punish her. Chancellor L. von Eck advised to depose her hus band and to send her into exile. Her husband was deposed, but no further steps can be proved, while the medieval contempt of woman mikes it probable that no further notice was taken of her. Although she soon ceased to write, she continued to take a lively interest in the Reformation and maintained her intercourse with the Reformers. (T. KOLDE.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. C. Rieger, Leben der Arpula. von Grum bach, Stuttgart. 1787; F. F. Lipowslc5·, Argula von Grum bach, Munich, 1801; H. A. Pistorius, Frau ArBula you Grumbach uud ihr KampJ mit der Uuiversitat lupolstadt, Magdeburg, 1845; E. Engelhardt, Arpula van Grumbach, die 6ayerische Tabea, Nuremberg, 1860; C. Prantl, in AMA, III. Klasae, vol. xvii.; S. Riezler, Geachichte Bayerns, iv. SB aqq., Goths. 1899; T. Kolde, in Beitrage zur bayeriachea Geschichte, vol. xi., Erlangen, 1905. STAUPITZ, shtau'pitz, JOHANN VON: Augus tinian vicar-general and friend of Luther; d. at Salzburg (156 m. w.s.w. of Vienna) Dec. 28, 1524. He came of a noble family, but the earliest certain date in his life is that of his matriculation at Leipsic in 1485 as Johannes Stopitz de Mutterwitz, the last word of this entry appearing to give his birthplace, which may be Motterwitz near Leisnig (25 m. s.e. of Leipsic) or Moderwitz near Neustadt-on-the-Orla (24 m. s.e. of Weimar). A further notice in the university records of Leipsic mentions that Oct. 30, 1489, N. Stopitz, " Master of Arts of Cologne," was received into the faculty of arts; if this entry relates to the subject of this sketch, it implies a period of study at Cologne. In 1497 as master of arts and reader :n theology he was received into the Augus tinian monastery at Tubingen, where he became prior; on Oct. 29, 1498, baccalaureus biblicus, on Jan, 10,1499, sententiarius, proceeding to licentiate and doctor in theology in 1510. His maiden essay, Deeisio questionis de audiencia misse in parochiali ec-
clesia dorrxinicis et festiais diebut;, appeared at Tiibingen Mar. 30, 1500, and in three subsequent issues there was appended a catechetical effort. By 1503 Staupitz was prior of the monastery at Munich, and openly advocated in addresses the positions taken in his first publication, in the c.irection of purifies, tion of monastic life, but was opposed by the Franciscan Kaspar Schatzgeyer. He was next called by Frederick the Wise to the direction of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, becoming first dean of the theological faculty; and in 1503 he was made vicar-general of the Augustine Observantist congregations in Germany. In the latter office his first care was the codification arLd publication of the constitution, printing it in 1506. One note in this constitution was the recommendation of Bible study. He was concerned also for the strengthening and spread of the order and for the care of the individual houses; to the rebuilding of the Wittenberg cloister he gave much attention, and received therein Martin Luther (1508), with whom he came into contact at Erfurt during one of his visitation journeys. Him Luther afterward praised as having led him into a knowledge of the grace of God, and it was Staupitz who incited Luther to aspire to the doctorate in theology.
Even after Staupitz settled ir. South Germany, he remained in essential concord with Wittenberg. An evidence of this is the letter of introduction given by Spalatin to Johann Lang addressed to Staupitz, in which the last-named was enthusiastically greeted as a friend of Conrad Mutian and of Reuehlin (cf. Gillert, Der Brief wechsel des Conradus D1utianus, i. 170, ii. 151, etc., Halle, 3890). Carlstadt opened his explanation;. of Augustine's De spiritw et liters (1519) with a preface (dated Nov. 18, 1517) in which he spoke of Staupitz as a " promoter of sincere theology and a distinguished preacher of the grace of Christ" (cf. FI. Barge, Andreas Bodenstein von Carlstadt, i. 90 sqq., ii. 533 sqq., Leipsic, 1905). Staupitz was often engaged in long journeys of visitation to the religious houses of his order-like that of 1.514, when he was in the Netherlands, and that of the summer of 1516 to the Lower Rhine and Belgium. When not on these tours of duty, he lived in Munich, Salzburg, and especially in Nuremberg, where he was in close touch with such men as Chri;stoph Scheurl (q.v.), Hieronymus Holzschuher, Lazarus Spengler, Wilibald Pirkheimer (qq.v.), and .llbrecht Durer. Indeed, Staupitz was universally beloved. Erasmus said: " T indeed greatly admire Staupitz " (A. Horawitz, Erasmiana, ii. 597, Vienna, 1879).
Light is thrown upon the relations of Luther and Staupitz after 1518 by the researches of P. Kalkoff (Forschungen zu Luther; romischem. Prozess, pp. 44 sqq., Rome, 1905). Following the direction of Leo X., in February of 1518 the promagister of the order, Gabriel Venetus, notified Staupitz that Luther had been denounced to the pope as a heretic and urged him to call Luther to account. Staupibz notified Luther of the bad itr.pression his teaching was making; the latter on March 31 replied that the charge was unjustified and declined to alter his behavior. But Luther at Heidelberg set forth before associates of his order an explanation of his position
