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gg RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA stall Stanley STANGE, CARL: German Protestant; b. in Hamburg Mar. 3, 1870. He was educated at the universities of Halle and G&ttingen (1888-92) and at Leipsic (1893-94), became privat-docent at Halle in 1895, extraordinary professor of systematic the ology in the University of Konigsberg in 1903, and professor of the same at Greifswald in 1904. He has written Die christliche Ethik in ihrem Verhaltnis zur modernen Ethik (Gottingen, 1892); Die systemati schen Prinzipien in der Theologie des Johann Musaus (Halle, 1897); Das Dogma and seine Beurteilung in tier neueren Dogmengeschichte (Berlin, 1898) ; Einleit ung in die Ethik (2 vole., Leipsic, 1901-02); Der Gedankengang der Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1902); Lathers dlteste ethische Disputationen (1904); Heils bedeutung des Gesetzes (1904); Was ist sehriftgemassq (1904); Theologische Aufsdtze (1905); and Das Frommigkeitsideal der modernen Theologie (1907). STANISLAUS, stdn'is-16s: The name of two saints. 1. Bishop of Cracow, and patron-saint of Poland; b. near Cracow (210 m. n.e. of Vienna) July 26, 1030; d. there May 8, 1079. After studying canon ical law at Gnesen and Paris he entered the clerical profession at Cracow. He was a stern ascetic, dis tributed his patrimony amongst the poor, and boldly denounced the cruelty and licentiousness of Boleslas IL, king of Poland, whom he finally excommuni cated. In revenge, the king murdered Staxxislaus while he was celebrating mass near Cracow. Mir acles are ascribed to the bishop before and after his death. In 1253 Innocent IV. canonized him. Many altars and churches were built to his memory in Poland. His day is May 7. 2. Jesuit; b. at Kostcou (50 m. e. of Breslau, Germany), Poland, Oct. 20, 1550; d. in Rome Aug. 15, 1568. In his fourteenth year he went to Vienna where he was an object of admiration because of his exemplary life and his remarkable progress in stud ies; he had there a vision of two angels and the Vir gin Mary, who urged him to become a Jesuit; after seeking admission to the order at Vienna, which was refused on account of his father's aversion to the step, he finally went to Rome, where he was admitted Oct. 28, 1567. He predicted the day of his death, and on account of his severe ascetic practises was beatified by Clement X., 1670, and canonized by Benedict XIIL, 1726. His day is Nov. 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY: On 1: The Vita by Johannes Longinus (Dlugosch) with other matter and commentary is in ASB, May, ii. 195-280. Other accounts and details are in MGH, Script., xxix (1892), 504-517. A Carmen Sapphtcum in vitam gloriossissimi martyris Stanialai, by P. Callimachua, was printed at Cracow in 1511. Consult further: R. Roepell, Geschichte Polena, i. 100 aqq.. Hamburg, 1840; H. Zeissberg, Die polniache Geschichtsschrei6ung dea Mittel alters, pp. 71, 82-90. 266-268, Leipsie, 1873. On 2: The Vita by Urbano Ubaldini is given in Aualectta Bollanditnna, ix (1890), 360-378, xi (1892), 41667, with abundant literature.
STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN: Church of England; b. at Alderley Rectory (32 m. e.s.e. of Liverpool) in Cheshire, Dec. 13, 1815; d. at London July 18, 1881. He was the grandson of Thomas Stanley, sixth baron of Alderley Park, and the son of Edward Stanley, bishop of Norwich. At Rugby (1829-341 he became attached by an ideal friend-
ship to Thomas Arnold (q.v.), attended by an admiration and affection which served to shape the
motives and activities of all his life. He entered Baliol College, Oxford, 1834; became a fellow of University College, 1838; and was ordained, 1839. In 1840-41, he made the first of many journeys abroad, his interest in foreign lands being entirely historical, while he ways indifferent to scenery. He became college tutor at Oxford, 1843-51; and select preacher there, 1346-47. These discourses, Sermons on the Apostolic Age (Oxford, 1847), marked a crisis in his career, at a point of transition between the old and the new at Oxford. They showed a divergence from the views of both ecclesiastical parties; acknowledged obligations to Arnold and German theology, and demanded free inquiry in the matter of Biblical study. Stanley was appointed secretary of the Oxford University Commission, 1850, the report of which was mainly his work; and canon of Canterbu y, 1851. A journey to the Holy Land and Egypt in 1852 resulted in the publication of Sinai and Palestine (London, 1856). Memorials of Canterbury (1855) exhibits the development of his taste for ecclesiasi;ical landmarks, and illustrates his gifts for dramatio, pictorial narrative. He was professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford, 1856-64, to which was attached a canonry of Christ Church, in which he was installed, 1858. At the same time he was appointed examining chaplain to Archibald Campbell Tait (q.v.), then bishop of London. To this period belong Ziree Introductory Lectures on the Study of Ecclesiast;cal History (Oxford, 1857); Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, (London, 1861); and Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church (3 vols., 1863-i'6).
Through the lecture-room, pulpit, and in social life he exercised a remarkable influence over the young men at the university, but he was not an intellectual leader among his elder colleagues. He eschewed party spirit, and his sense of justice and championship of freedom led him to defend J. W. Colenso, although regretting his work (The Pentateuch, London, 1862 sqq.); and, likewise, in the controversy caused by the Essays and Reviews (1860), while disapproving of some of the essays, he pleaded against the unfairness of indiscriminate censure. His courage to battle against inert ecclesiasticism and his moderately stated consideration of all sides of a problem, secured him, as'. champion of liberal ideas, a growing support from men of the press, science, and society as a whole.
In 1864 he was installed dean of Westminster, a piti n which he made conspieuous until his death. osi 10A year before, he was married to Lady Augusta Bruce, daughter of the fiftl. earl of Elgin and friend of the queen, and his married life was remarkably filled with happiness, so that when his wife died in 1876, he was dee ply affected and did not long survive her. In 1862 he accompanied the Prince of Wales to the East. These events issued in unrivalled opportunities, so that by the further extension of political, literax;7, scientific, and ecclesiastical connections, facilivated by his characteristic savoir-faire and his brilliant social relations, he obtained that extraordinary influence which, for more than a decade, made him one of the most prominent figures in the English capital. Westminster Abbey afforded the material embodiment
