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such important matters as the peace of Cadan (1534) and the formulation of the Schmalkald Articles. Throughout his life he was deeply interested in the University of Wittenberg, of which he had been appointed a visitor as early as 1518, and which he regularly visited two or three times each year. In 1536 he sought to be relieved of his many duties, and from this time on he became more and more melancholy, although he remained active until the last.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. Schlegel, Hisl. vita G. Spalatini, Jena, 1693; J. Wagner, G. Spalatin and die Reformation der Kirchen and Schulen in Altenburg, Altenburg, 1830; E. Engelhardt, G. Spalatins Leben, Leipsic, 1863; A. Seelheim, G. Spa7alin als siichsischer Historiopraph, Halle, 1876; G. Berbig, Spalatin and rein Verhtiltnis zu :Martin Luther, Halle, 1906; and works on the life of Luther and the Reformation in Germany.

SPALDING, spel'ding, FRANKLIN SPENCER: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Salt Lake; b. at Erie, Pa., Mar. 13, 1865. He was educated at Princeton ( A.B., 1877) and at the General Theological Seminary (graduated, 1891), after having taught in the Princeton Preparatory School in 1887-88. He was ordered deacon in 1891 and ordained priest in the following year, being minister of All Saints', Denver, Col., during this time, and from 1892 to 1896 was principal of Jarvis Hall Military Academy in the same city. He was then rector of St. Paul's, Erie, Pa. (1896-1904), and in 1904 was consecrated missionary bishop of Salt Lake, his diocese comprising all Utah, the eastern half of Nevada, the western half of Colorado, and part of a county of Wyoming.

SPALDING, JOHANN JOACHIM: German Lutheran; b. at Tribsees (24 m, s.w. of Greifswald) Nov. 1, 1714; d. at Berlin May 22, 1804. After studying at the University of Rostock (1731-33), he was for several years private tutor, private secretary, etc., also finding considerable time for writing. In. 1748 he published at Greifswald the work which first brought him distinction, the Gedanken fiber die Bestimmung des Menschen, in which he earnestly combated the increasing materialism of his time. A year later he was chosen pastor of Lassahn, where, though too radical for his congregation, he found opportunity for studying and translating standard works of English deism and antideism. In 1757 Spalding was called to Barth as first preacher and provost, and here he wrote, against Pietism, his second great work, Gedanlcen caber den

alert der Gefiihle im Christentum (Leipsie, 1761; Eng. transl., Thoughts on the Value of Feelings in Religion, London, 1827). In 1764 he was called to Berlin as provost, supreme consistorial councilor, and first preacher at the Marienkirche and St. Nicholas'. Here for more than twenty years he enjoyed the highest reputation as a pulpit orator, his sermons being collected in a number of volumes. It was at this time also that he published the work which exposed him to much attack, the I7eber die Nutzbarkeit des Predigtamts and deren Beforderung (1st ed. anonymously, Berlin, 1772), in which he advocated the preaching of ethical sermons only, to the complete ignoring of dogmatic problems. The true motive of this position was the desire to retain only what he deemed essential, to oppose the shallow infidelity proceeding from France and England, and to reconcile Christianity with the spirit of the times. This same attitude led Spalding to write his Yertraute Briefe, die Religion betreffend (1st ed. anonymously, Breslau, 1784), which have a distinct interest in that they give a vivid picture of the shallowness and religious indifference then prevailing in the higher circles of society.

In 1786 the situation was abruptly changed by the accession of Frederick William IL, and feeling himself put at a decided disadvantage, Spalding secured the acceptance of his resignation in 1788. He then retired to private life, and now wrote his last work, Religion, eine Angelegenheit des ll7enschen (1st ed. anonymously, Berlin, 1797), while after his death hid autobiographical Lebensbeschreibung von ihm selbst was edited by his son, G. L. Spalding (Halle, 1805). He was neither a great theologian nor a great philosopher; he was essentially a popularizer who sought to bring the divine truths of Christianity close to the hearts and wills of rational men, though himself far from being an adherent of the Enlightenment, Rationalism, or Deism (q.v).

(J. A. WAGENMANN'r.)

von ihm selbst, ed. his son, G. L. Spalding, Halle, 1905. Consult further: J. M. Schrockh, Christliche Kirchenpeschichte seit der Reformation, viii. 138 aqq., Leipsie, 1808; F. K. G. Hirsehing, Historisch-lilterarisches Handbueh beriih.mter Personen, xii. 1, pp. 298 sqq., ib. 1808; K. G, Sack, in TSK, 1864, part 4; G. W. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theolopie, iii. 93 sqq., Leipsie, 1875.

SPALDING, JOHN LANCASTER: Roman Catholic bishop of Peoria, Ill., nephew of the following; b. at Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840. He was educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md., at the University of Louvain, Belgium, and in Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1863. After an additional year of study, he returned to the United States. In 1865 he' was secretary to the bishop of Louisville, Ky., and in 1869 built, and was rector of, St. Augustine's (colored) Church at Louisville, while in 1871 he was chancellor of the diocese of Louisville. From 1872-77 he was curate of St. Michael's, New York City, and in the latter year was consecrated bishop of the newly created diocese of Peoria, which office he resigned in 1908. Ile is the author of Life of Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore (New York, 1872); Essays and Reviews (1877); Religious Mission of the Irish People (1880); Lectures arid Discourses (1882); Education and the