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the-Main, where he made his living in the silk trade and worked on his translation of the Bible (Basel, 1568-69), which is the first complete Spanish Bible translated from the original languages. Frankfort conferred on him citizenship. In 1578 he became French pastor of the adherents of the Augsburg Confession at Antwerp. In 1585 he returned to Frankfort, and became, 1594, preacher of the Netherland colony of the Lutheran persuasion. Cipriano de Valera (ut sup.) fled with his friends from San Isidro to Geneva and in 1562 was burned in effigy like Reyna and Corro. He studied at Cambridge (B.A., 1560; M.A., 1563); was fellow of Magdalen College; and, 1566, was connected with Oxford. He published Los dos Tratados del Papa i de la Misa (1588); Tratado para conftrmar los pobres Cantivos de Berberia (1594); a new edition of the Spanish catechism of Geneva of 1559 (1596); El Testamento Nuevo of C. de Reyna (1596; 1870); Institution de la Religion Christians (1597), a translation of J. Calvin's Institutes; and La Biblia of C. de Reyna (Antwerp, 1602 sqq.; .1869). Pedro Gals, a young Catalonian, was arrested about 1559 at Rome because he had asserted that it was unnecessary to confess to a priest and to abstain from meat on certain days, and was compelled to abjure. He studied at Bologna and Paris, and became professor at Geneva, 1582. Afterward he went to southern France and taught in several places until a Calvinistic pastoral conference found him unsound in doctrine. On the way to Bordeaux, with wife and children, he was captured by members of the holy league and in 1593 surrendered to Spain. In the prison of the Inquisition at Saragossa he declared that the doctrine of the Roman church was frequently in contradiction with that of Christ and the Apostles. His second trial was completed after his death, and his remains were dug up and burned, Apr. 17, 1595. Melchior Roman of Aragon entered the order of the Jacobins. In the province of Toulouse he was appointed Procureur Provincial and sent to Rome; subsequently he became provincial vicar and confessor of the Dames du Chapellet d'Agen. The sight of a victim burned at the stake made a deep impression upon him, and he entered the Reformed church at Bergerac in 1600.

(THEODOR SCHAFER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. MeCrie, Hist. of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain, Edinburgh, 1829 and 1856; A. de Castro, Hist. of Religious Intolerance an Spain, London, 1853; Memoires de Francisco de Enzinas, 2 vols., Brussels, 1862-63; H. Dalton, Die evangelische Bewegung in Spanien, Wiesbaden, 1872; E. Boehmer, Spanish Reformers of Two Centuries, London, 1874-$3; M. Droin, Hist, de la reformation en Espagne, 2 vols., Lausanne, 1880; M. Menendez y Pelayo, Hist. de Los heEerodoxos Esparioles, 3 vole., Madrid, 1881; J. Lassalle, La Reforme en Espapne au xvi. siQcle, Paris, 1883; J. Stoughton, The Spanish Reformers, London, 1883; C. A. Wilkens, Geschichte des spanischen Pratestantismus, Giitersloh, 1888, Eng, transl., Spanish Protestants in the 16th Century, London, 1897; M. F. van Lennep De Hervorming in Spanje in de zesEiende eeurv. Haarlem, 1901; E. fich:ifer, Beitriige zur Geschichte der spanischen Protestantismus . . im 16. Jahrhundert, 3 vole., Giitersloh, 1902; idem, Sevilla and Valladolid, die eaanpelischen Gemeirulen Spaniens, im ReformationsalEer, Halle, 1903.

SPALATIN, spa-ld-tin', GEORG: German Reformer; b. at Spalt (21 m. s.w. of Nuremberg) Jan. 17, 1484; d. at Altenburg (26 m. s. of Leipsic) Jan. 16, 1545. His family name was Burkhardt, which

he changed to Spalatin-from )nis birthplace-after a frequent custom of the humanists. He was educated at the universities of Erfurt (1498-99, 1505) and Wittenberg (1502-03), early coming into contact with humanistic circles. In 1505 he began to teach in the monastery of Georgenthal, and in 1508 was ordained to the priesthood. In the following year he was appointed tutor to the prince who later became Elector John Frederick, although here, as at the monastery, his innovating tendencies rendered his position uncomfortable. In 1511 he was for a time one of the guardians of the princes Otto and Ernest of Brunswick-Liineburg, although without severing his connection with the court of their uncle, Elector Frederick the Wise, who, in the following year, appointed him his own librarian-a most congenial post. Spalatin gradually became the elector's most trusted confidant and a power at court, but though he was a priest, he had taken orders merely to escape the trials of a poverty-stricken humanist and poet. His association with Luther, whom he seems first to have met at Wittenberg, changed his life, and even before he broke with the .ancient faith, he had found in the Wittenberg theologian his most acceptable adviser. It was Spalatin, moreover, who won the elector to sympathy with.Luther, even while endeavoring to restrain the more impetuous Augustinian from the course into which he was plunging, and it is to Spalatin that the vacillating tactics of Luther during the earlier years of the Reformation are to be traced.

In 1518 Spalatin accompanied the elector to the diet of Augsburg, and conducted negotiations with Cajetan and Miltitz, and he was likewise present at the election and coronation of Charles V. as well as at the Diet of Worms, while during Luther's concealment at the Wartburg he provided means for him to correspond with Wittenberg. Despite the difficulty of his position with the elector, who still remained faithful to the Roman Catholic Church, Spalatin constantly sought to win him over to the views of Luther, who demanded the abolition of the ritual maintained in the seminary at Wittenberg. After the death of Frederick the Wise, Spalatin still remained in the service of the court, although he was now able to take up permanent residence in Altenburg, where he had received a canonry in 1511, and where he also assumed the position of preacher vacated by the departure of Wenceslaus Link (q.v.). On Aug. 13, 1525, he delivered his first sermon, but his demand for a change of conditions in the Altenburg seminary led to bitter controversy, complicated by his speedy marriage, which led to his deprivation, although by the aid of secular law he reinstated himself and gradually carried out his proposed reformation. In 1526 he accompanied Elector John to the Diet of Speyer, where he took a prominent part in formulating instructions for the permanent embassy to the emperor determined upon by the diet. He was also employed repeatedly in visitations. In 1530 he attended the Diet of Augsburg, later accompanying the elector to the election of Ferdinand at Cologne. In 1.532 he attended the Diet of Schweinfurth; in 1535 he went with Elector John Frederick when ,she latter visited Vienna to do homage; and he was a leading figure in