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SON OF MAN: An expression occurring in the four Gospels as referring to Jesus no less than eightyone times, elsewhere in the New Testament in this sense only once (Acts vii: 56). In addition to these instances, it is found in Dan. vii. 13 and Enoch xxxvii. lxxi (cf. Job xxv. 6; Ps. viii. 4; Num. xxiii. 19; Ezek. ii. 1 et passim; Rev. xiv. 14). In the Gospels this title is associated with Jesus in three relations: his earthly life (Mark ii. 10; Luke xix. 10), his sufferings (Mark viii. 31), and his second advent (Matt. xxv. 31, xxvi. 64). The obscurity which veils the origin of the term whether traced to the book of Enoch, or to Daniel, or to both, as well as the various and contrasting uses of it, has given rise to wide diversity of interpretations. Among these are: (1) he was man and nothing human was foreign to him (F. C. Baur, ZWT, 1860, pp. 274 sqq.); (2) he is the heavenly ideal man (W. Beysehlag, Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments, pp. 9 sqq., Berlin, 1866); (3) he is head of the race in which type and ideal are realized (V. H. Stanton, Jewish and Christian Messiah, p. 246, New York, 1886); (4) it indicates a Messiah to whom suffering and sympathy are natural, destined to glory through suffering (A. B. Bruce, Kingdom of God, p. 176, New York, 1889); (5) it calls attention first of all to the lowliness of his appearance (H. H. Wendt, Die Lehre Jestt, p. 440, Gottingen,1890; Eng. transl., Teaching of Jesus, ii. 139, Edinburgh, 1892); (6) as man, his glory lies through suffering, as the servant of Yahweh (V. Bartlett, Expositor, Dec., 1892, pp. 42743), or as in the book of Daniel (R. H. Charles, Book of Enoch, Appendix B, Oxford, 1893); (7) a contrast is set up between his lowliness and his greatness (G. Dalman, Die Worte Jesu, Leipsie, 1898; Eng. transl., The Words of Jesus, pp. 255 sqq., Edinburgh, 1902); (8) it contains a veiled designation of measiahship (G. B. Stevens, Theology of the New Testament, p. 53, New York, 1899; cf. Otto Holtzmann, Life of Jesus, p. 168, London, 1904); (9) it signifies Jesus' human nature, i.e., " man " in general (N. Schmidt, Prophet of Nazareth, p. 120, New York, 1905). The expression " son of man " means that the kingdom of God, although originating in a supersensible world (Dan. vii. 1314), is established among men by one who is exempted from no position or lot which belongs essentially to his fellow-men in the purpose of God. If 6y virtue of inner ethical unity with the Father Jesus has become aware of his unique vocation as XI.-1
Messiah, yet he will interpret this consciousness by a term which, instead of dissolving the tie between him and other men, only discloses the deeper iden tity of ideal aim which belongs to him and them alike. C. A. BECKwITH.Braraoansrar: The subject is discussed in the principal treatises in the life of Jesus Christ, e.g., Iieim, and Weiss; of course in the commentaries on Daniel and on the Gospels, some of which contain excursuses on the subject; in the works on messianic prophecy (see under MESSIAH, Mr;sarw,.,ranr); in the commentaries on Enoch (see under PaEUnFiPIaA.APHA); and in the discassiona of Biblical theology, especially H. J. Holtzmann's, i. 24fi-284, Freiburg, 189(i: Consult further: C. H. Weisse, Die Evangelienfrage, pp. 22 sqq., Leipaic, 1856; F. C. Baur, in ZWT, 1860, pp. 277 sqq.; T. Colani, Jesus Christ et lea croyancea messianiquea, pp. 74 aqq., Strasburg, 18ti4;-W. C.. Van Manea, in ThT, 1890, p. 544, 1894, pp. 1'77 aqq.; H. H. Wendt, Die Lehre J esu, pp. 441 aqq., GSttingen, 1890; W. Baldeneperger, Selbatbewuaslsein Jesu, pip. 1(T9 sqq., Strasburg, 1892; R. H. Charles, Book of Enoch, pp. 312317, Oxford, 1893; J. Wellhauaen, Israelitiache and j iidiaehe Geschichte, pp. 346 aqq., Berlin, 1!:195; idem, Skizzen and Vorarbeiten, vi. 187 aqq., ib. 1899; H. Lietzmann, Der Menachensohn, T ubingen, 189(T; idem, in Theologische Arbeiten aus dem rheinischen Pred·igerverein, 1898, part 2, pp. I-14; N. Schmidt, JBL, 1898, pp. 38-53; A. R_wille, Jesus de Nazareth, ii. 190 aqq., Paris, 1897; G. Dalman, Die W orte Jeau, pp. 191 aqq., Leipaie, 189$, Eng. transl., The Words of Jesus, Edinburgh, 1902; Sehmiedel, in Proteatantische Mottatshefte, 1898, pp. 252-2(i7, 291-308, 1901, pp. 333 eqq.; J. F. H. Gunkel, in Z)PT. 1899, pp. 581 aqq.; P. Fiebig, Der Menacherwohn, T iibingen, 1901; J. Drummond, in JTS, Apr. and July, 1901; G. B. Stevens, Teaching oJJesus. PP. 91 aqq., New York, 1901; W. Bousaet. Jesus, New York, 1906; F. Bard, Der Sohn dea Menachen. Eine Unterauchung fiber Bepriff and In halt and Absrocht solcher Jeaubezeichuung, Wismar, 1908; E. A. Abbott, The Message of the ,Son of Man, New York, 1909; DB, iv. b79-589; EB, iv. 47(15-40; DCG, ii. 659-865. SONER, ERNST. See SOCINUB, FAU$TU6, So CINIANB, L, § 3.
The Song of Solomon (Song of Songs, Canticles) is the book which follows Ecclesiastes in the arrangement of the English Bible. The title in Hebrew, " Song of Songs which is Solomon's," conveys the idea that it is the noblest of songs, the author of which is Solomon. It is clearly a love song, but whether to be understood of earthly or spiritual love
