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tract societies, the city missions, the schools for morally neglected children, the temperance societies, and others have been created by the Church as a whole for the elevation of all classes.

(JOHN CAIRNS.)

BIBLIoa8Arf87: For the early period the most important literature will be found under Cxvric CBuRCH; for the Presbyterian churches under PHrw8ByTEnrAN6; other books of importance are under the articles on the worthies of Scotland, such as COLUMBA, JOHN KNox, and others named in the text. For sources use: Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, vol. ii.; Chronicon Anpio-Scoticum (60 B.c.-1189 A.D.), eel. C. W. Bouterwek, Elberfeld, 1863, Eng. transl. in J. 8tevenson's Church Historians of England, London, 1856; Thomas of Burton, Chrondca monaaterii de Melaa, eel. E. A. Bond in Rolls Series, no. 43, 3 vole., London, 18661868; Chronica de Maidros (731-1275), eel. J. Stevenson, Edinburgh, 1835, Eng. trawl., Chronicle of Melrose, in J. Stevenson's Church Historians of England, London, 1856; A. Theiner. Vdera monuments Hrbernorum d Scotorum historiam illudranEia,1216-16k7, Rome, 1804; Annales Anglia d Seotiee (189,2-1900), eel. H. T. Riley in Rolls Series, No. 28, vol. ii., London, 1865; R. Hart, Ecclesiastical Records of England . . . and Scotland to the Reformation, 2d eel., Cambridge, 1846; J. F. 8. Gordon, Ecclesiastical ChronWe for Scotland, 4 vols., Glasgow, 1867; M. E. C. Waleott, Scoti-Monadicon, the Ancient Church of Scotland. Hid. of the Cathedrals. Conventual Foundations, and Hospitals, London, 1874.

On the antiquities consult: T. :3. Muir, Eecleaiolooical Notes on the Islands of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1885; W. F. Bkene, Celtic Scotland, 3 vols., new eel., Edinburgh, 18861890; G. Chalmers, Caledonia, 8 vole., Paisley, 18871902; J. Robertson,.Scottiah Abbeys and Cathedrals, Aberdeen. 1891; H. C. Butler. Scotland's Ruined Abbeys. New York, 1899; M. E. L. Addis, The Cathedrals and Abbeys of Scotland, Philadelphia, 1901; D. Butler, Scottish Cathedrals and Abbeys, London, 1901; J. Anderson, Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1903.

General works are: A. Stevenson, Hid. of the Church and State of Scotland from the Accession of Ring Charles I. to . . . 1686, 2d eel., Edinburgh, 1844; J. Lee, Lectures on as Hid. of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to she Resolution Settlement, eel. W. Lee, 2 vole., Edinburgh, 1860; G. Grub, Ecclesiastical History of Scotland from the Introduction of Christianity to the Present Time, 4 vole., Edinburgh, 1861; W. Chambers and Others, The Scottish Church from the Earliest Times to 1881, Edinburgh and New York, 1881; J. Campbell. Mediaeval Scotland, 1093-1613, Edinburgh, 1881; N. L. Walker, Scottish Church Mist., Edinburgh, 1882; J. Cunningham, The Church History of Scotland from the Commencement of the Christian Era, 2 vole., 2d eel., Edinburgh, 1883; J. M. Ross, Scottish Hid. to as Reformation, Glasgow, 1884; J. Anderson, Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2 parts, Edinburgh, 1886; D. Keith, A Hiat. of Scotland, Civil and Ecclesiastical, . . . to . . . 1163, 2 vole., Edinburgh, 1886; W. G. Blaikie, The Preachers of Scotland, Past and Present, 5 pole., Edinburgh, 1890-91; A. T. Innes, Studies in Scottish History, Chiefly Ecclesiastical, London, 1892; D. C. Edmonds, The Early Scottish Church, its Doctrine and Discipline, London, 1906; J. H. Shepherd, Introduction to the Hid. of the Church of Scotland, ib. 1906; G. W. T. McGown, Scottish Heroes of the Paith, ib. 1907; J. Watson, The Scot of the 18th Century, his Religion and his Life, b. 1907; W. Beveridge, Makers of the Scottish Church, Edinburgh, 1908; R. C. Maclagan, Reliyio Scotica. Its Nature as traceable in Scottish saintly Traditions, ib. 1908; Cambridge Modern History, v. 279 eqq., New York, 1908; A. Macrae, Scotland from the Treaty of Union with England to the Present Time (1707-1907), London, 1909; D. Macmillan, The Aberdeen Doctors. A notable Group of Scottish T4QOlopiane of the first episcopal Period, 1810-88, ib. 1909; C. W. Thomson, Scotland's Work and Worth, 2 vole., ib. 1910; P. H. Brown, Hid. of Scotland, 3 vole., ib. 1910; W. L. Mathieaon, The Awakening in Scotland; a History, 1747-.97, Glasgow, 1911.

its ecclesiastical Aspect . . . to the Pall of the old Hierarchy, Edinburgh, 1873; W. Lookhart, The Church of Scotland in the Thirteenth Century: The Life and Times of David de Bernham of St. Andrew, 1289-69, London, 1889; R. M. Stewart, The Church of Scotland from the Time of Queen Margaret to the Reformation, London, 1892; J. Dowden, The Celtic Church in Scotland, London, 1894; W. Cathcart, The Ancient British and Irish Churches, London, 1894; J. Paton, Scottish Hid. and Life, Glasgow, 1902; R. W. Billings, The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, London, 1909 eqq.

On the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland consult: J. Robertson, Concilia Scotia!, Edinburgh, 1864; W. M. Brady, Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scotland, London, 1883; W. Forbes-Leith, Narratives o' Scottish Catholics under Mary Stuart and James VI., Edinburgh, 1885; A. Bellesheim, History of the Catholic Church in Scotland, 4 vole., Edinburgh, 1887-90; W. Paterson, Letters tom Countrymen, 6 parts, Edinburgh, 1900; J. Forbes, L'Iylise oatholique en 0cosse h la fin du xvi. sickle, Paris, 1901; W. F. Leith, Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the 17th and 18th Centuries, 2 vols., London, 1909.

On episcopacy in Scotland read: J. P. Lawson, Hid. of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, 3 vole., Edinburgh, 1844; J. B. Craven, Hid. of the Episcopal Church in Orkney, Kirkwall, 1883; H. M. Luekoek, The Church in Scotland, London, 1893; H. D. Henderson, The Episcopal Church in Scotland. London, 1902; J. T. F. Farquhar, The Visible Church in the Light of Reason and Hid., Aberdeen. 1904.

SCOTLAND, FREE CHURCH OF, FREE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF, REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF, UNITED ORIGINAL SECESSION CHURCH OF. See PRESBYTERIANS.

SCOTT, CHARLES ANDERSON: Presbyterian; b. in London May 30, 1859. He received his education at Uppingham School, at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1896; Hulsean prize, 1884), New College, Edinburgh, and the universities of Leipsic and Jens; was assistant minister of Queen's Cross Church, Aberdeen, 1887-89; minister at College Park, Willesden, 1892, and of St. John's, Kensington, 1898-1907, being also examiner in historical theology for the University of London, 1902-07; and Dunn professor of the New Testament in the Theological College of the Presbyterian Church of England at Cambridge since 1907. He has published: Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goth8 (London, 1885); Evangelical Doctrine Bible Truth (1901); Making of a Christian (1902); and contributed to the Detrotional and Practical Commentary the volume on Revelation (1905), as well as the same volume in the Century Bible (1902); also the essay on"Jesus and Paul" in Cambridge Biblical Essays (1909).

SCOTT, HUGH McDONAALD: Congregationalist; b. at Guysborough, Nova Scotia, Mar. 31, 1848; d. at Chicago Apr. 29, 1909. He was graduated from Dalhousie College,Halifax (A.B.,1870), and from the University of Edinburgh (1873). During the same year he studied at Berlin, and later (1878-81) at Leiptuc. In 1874 he was ordained to the ministry, and for four years (1874-77) was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Merigomish, Nova Scotia. After 1881 he was professor of church history at the Chicago Theological Seminary. He wrote The Nicene Theology (Stone lectures; Chicago, 1896), while from 1883 to 1890 he contributed the section on church history to Current Discussions in Theol ogy, published by the faculty of the divinity school.