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rectly, but when the salaries did not come up to about $750 (generally with parsonage), the difference was made up from a reinforcement fund. The effort to coordinate these two methods met with difficulties.

The Free Church of Scotland is relatively strong only in the highland districts (see PREsBYTERIANB, I., 3), is rigidly conservative, especially insisting on the plenary inspiration of the Scriptures, and violently opposes the spirit of modern criticism. Its general assembly in 1905 rejected the declaratory act of 1892, and forbade the singing of "human songs" and the use of the organ in divine service. There are three other small Presbyterian churches in Scotland, remnants of minorities that refused to follow majorities in falling away from what they considered the truth. They are (1) the Free Presbyterian Church; (2) the Reformed Presbyterian; and (3) the Original Secession, properly called the "Old Light" (see for data and history of these churches PRESBYTERIANS, i., 4-6).

II. The Scotch Episcopal Church: This church was in former times the great rival of the Presbyterian Church. After the downfall of the Stuarts its service was forbidden and subjected to other restrictive measures, while the church itself was almost expelled from the country. In 1792 full toleration was again granted. Owing to English influence most of the aristocracy and the landed nobility belong to this Church. Its cause has gained also by thorough organization. The country is divided into seven dioceses: Moray, Aberdeen, Brechin, St. Andrews, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Argyle. From 1876 an excellent system of lay representation has been organized, whose aim is the support of the bishops in all financial affairs. The attractiveness of the church service and the earnest and self-denying activity of the clergy have contributed to its rapid growth. In 1910 it reported 404 churches and mission stations, 335 clergymen, and 51,289 communicants, with contributions of about $100; 000 for main purposes. On account of its alleged High-church proclivities, a small body forming nine parishes has separated, and claimed direct connection with the Church of England.

III. Congregationalists: There is no trace of a movement in Scotland simultaneous with that turbulent period in political life which gave rise to the Independents. However, in 1728 John Glas (q.v.), a minister of the Established Church, founded a body still represented by one or two small congregations. From the end of the eighteenth century an Independent movement has achieved notable results. It had its origin in the revival of the Christian ideal in which the brothers Robert and James Haldane (q.v.) took a part, which was no doubt reenforced, from England. The congregations formed joined the Congregational Union organized in 1863. A division in the Secession Church in 1841 resulted in the founding of the Evangelical Union. James Morison (q.v.) had been expelled from the old church for emphasizing the love of God without leaving room for election by grace. The denomination which he founded, often called the Morisonian church, preferred the Congregational to the Presbyterian government. In 1896 the Congregationalist

and Evangelical Unions were united to form the present Congregational Union of Scotland. This body has a theological faculty at Edinburgh with three professors. It is distinguished for its zeal in mission and temperance organization. A minority of eight congregations and five ministers refused to follow the Evangelical Union in joining with the Congregationalists in 1896. The total of Congregationalists reported for Scotland at the end of 1909 was 207 ministers, 4 evangelists or lay pastors, 70 lay preachers, 213 congregations, 35,845 members, with Sunday-school teachers to the number of 2,744 and 26,194 scholars. The Baptist Union has existed in Scotland from 1750 (according to some only from 1765) when a renowned Baptist, Archibald Maclean, preached in Edinburgh. The movement doubtless received impetus with the acquisition of the Haldane brothers. The numbers of Baptists are comparatively small; their doctrine is Calvinistic; their worship simple; and their organization strictly congregational, although a Union and an interior mission have been provided for. Some of their preachers are laymen, and numerous congregations practise open communion. This church has a seminary with five instructors and fourteen students. It reports at the end of 1909 122 ministers, 156 local preachers, 155 congregations, 21,240 communicants, 2,127 Sunday-school teachers, and 18,969 scholars.

IV. Other Protestant Bodies: The Methodists are weakly represented in Scotland. There are two branches, the Wesleyans and the Primitive Methodists, which form parts of the English organizations of the same name. Wesley first visited Scotland in 1751, and in 1767 there were 468 members of his church. There are now forty-five circuits and missions with forty-five ministers. A powerful mission established in recent years in Edinburgh bears the outline of an institutional church, and wields great influence. The Primitive Methodists have eighteen circuits and twenty ministers. There are small representations of the Quakers, the Catholic Apostolic Church (Irvingites), Unitarians, and the New Jerusalem Church or Swedenborgians. Probably none of these consists of more than twelve congregations.

V. The Roman Catholic Church: This numbers considerably more than half a million. Most of them are of Irish descent, but about 30,000 are Scotch. This element is found among the Highlanders of Gaelic tongue and has been steadfastly loyal from primitive times. The Roman Catholic hierarchy was reorganized in 1878 into six dioceses; St. Andrew's and Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dunkeld, Galloway, and Argyll, the first two of which are archbishoprics. At the close of 1909 there were about 250 parishes, 600 priests, 400 church buildings, 13 cloisters for men, and 51 for women. Week-day schools attended by thousands of children are conducted, partly supervised and supported by the State.

A glance finally is to be given at those who have drifted away from all church connections. It is calculated that they amount to 1,600,000 or thirtyseven and one-half per cent. of the total population. A number of institutions like the Bible and