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Dot of Bursfelde after 1878. He also served as curator of the Gottingen orphan asylum and member of a liturgical committee and of a hymnal committee for Hanover. His chief writings, which mostly relate to liturgies, were as follows: Die Grundlehren des Heils, entwickelt aus dem Prinzip der Liebe (Stuttgart, 1848); Der evangelische Gottesdieast (Heidelberg, 1854); Der evangelische Hauptgottesdienst in Formularen fiir das ganze Kirchenjahr (1855); Ueber den liturgischen Ausbau des Gemeindegottesdienstes in der deutschen evangelischen Kirche (1859); Schatz des liturgischen Chor- and Gemeindegesangs nebst den Altarweisen in der deutschen evangelischen Kirche (3 vols., Gdttingen, 1863-72); Geheimnisse des Glaubens (Heidelberg, 1872); and Prinzip and System der Dogmatik (1881). In 1876 he founded, together with M. Herold and E. Krfger, the periodical Siona for the advancement of liturgics and church music. (J. A. WAGENMANNf

BmLIooRAPHY: Attgemeine eeangeliach-tuthertxhe Kirchenzeitung, 1881, no. 29, pp. 688 sqq.; Siona, 1881, no. 8, pp. 101 sqq.

SCHOELL, sh61, CARL WILHELM: Lutheran; b. at Guglingen (23 m. n.n.w. of Stuttgart), W iirttemberg, Aug. 4, 1820; d. in London, May 13, 1899. He was educated at Tabingen; became, in 1846, assistant minister, and in 1859 pastor of the German Lutheran Church in the Savoy, now Cleveland Street, London. He was examiner in the German language and literature to the Military Education Division, War Office, London, from 1858; to the Civil Service Commission, London, from 1864; and in the University of London, 1872-75, and 1882-87. He was the author of De ecdesiasticce Britonum Scatorumque historite fontibus (Berlin, 1851).

German Roman Catholic; b. at Forchheim (9 m. n. of Erlangen), Bavaria, June 8, 1838. He was educated at Bamberg, Erlangen, and Munich, and after being sacellanus at Bamberg (1861-65) and professor of theology at Hildesheim (1866-67), was vicar of St. Cajetan's, Munich (1867-71) and courtpreacher at St. Michael's in the same city (18711874). Since 1869 he has also been connected with the University of Munich, where he has been successively privat-docent (1869-73), associate professor of theology (1873-74), and professor of Biblical oriental languages, Old-Testament introduction, and exegesis (since 1874; emeritus since 1903). He has likewise been canon of St. Cajetan's since 1886. He has written Die Kirchengeschichte des Johannes von Ephesus (Munich, 1863); Salo monis Episeopi Bassorensis LLber Apis (Bamberg, 1866); Onkelos and Peschitto (Munich, 1869); and Die Klagelieder des Jeremias nach rabbinischer Auslegung (1887).

Theosophist; b. at Memel (74 m. n.e. of Kbnigsberg) Nov. 30, 1770; d. at Konigsberg Oct. 15, 1826. After preliminary training at the city school of Angerburg, whither his parents had removed, he was sent to KSnigsberg for commercial training; but he was averse to this pursuit, and studied in the gymnasium of Konigsberg and then entered the university, where he nominally studied law, though X.-17

his strong liking was for philosophy with a theosophical trend. With but little money, in 1792 he traveled in Germany, visiting Rinteln and Leipsic to study philosophy. On his return he had reached such a degree of self-sufficiency that he felt able, without further study at the university, to expound his views in private. His extreme earnestness gained him friends and the means to propagate his system, and he became marked as a man apart from his contemporaries even in his appearance, for he allowed his beard and hair to grow in literal agreement with Lev. xix. 27. Konigsberg was at that time in the throes of a decided rationalism, although nominally devoted to orthodox Lutheran doctrine, and the student body especially was devoted to rationalistic views. So the young theosophist, with a supreme confidence in his mission, expounded what he believed would inaugurate a new era in human knowledge. He conceived himself to be an inspired prophet, and his fundamental principles a new revelation; only the application of these principles to nature, history, QDd human life would he admit as subjects of discussion, together with the proof of them from the Bible. He gathered about him a circle of scholars, who were to be the seed from which should grow a society renewing humanity. Meetings were held twice a week, on Wednesday and Sunday evenings, for discussion and instruction, to which women were admitted, and a simple meal usually closed the session. In all this there was no thought of personal domination by Schonherr; his only object was the diffusion of his system of knowledge. Nor was there intention to form a sect, and he was himself a regular attendant upon divine service. Once he was threatened with prosecution, but influential interests prevented persecution.

Besides this circle gathered about Sch6nherr, there was a second which had as its center a gifted disciple named Johann Wilhelm Ebel (q.v.), who had adopted without reserve the teachings of his master. Ebel had become through this system a positive Biblical theologian, and after 1810 preached in KBnigsberg earnestly on the subjects of sin, grace, and redemption. Possessing a fine presence, great pulpit ability, and an unassuming address, he became the leader in the pulpit of the city. His following was from various circles, but principally from the higher and official classes-a contrast with the immediate following of Schonherr which included students and the humbler classes. The latter was in this environment also the supreme spiritual authority. The separation of the two circles came through the teacher's introduction of Cie principle of flagellation, based on Gal. v. 24; I's. lxxxiv. 2; I Cor. xiii. 3; and Heb. xii. 4, which was the " pleasing sacrifice " of Rom. xii. 1. Were not this self-sacrifice offered, a martyr death or bloody sufferings would be required. Ebel opposed this extreme, and the personal friendship of the two came to an end, though Ebel still held to the teaching of his master. After a journey to St. Petersburg in 1823-24, Schonherr grew feeble; this feebleness was increased through self-inflicted oastigations and his death soon followed.