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(1904); Young Japan: Story of the Japanese People, . especially . . their Educational Development (1905); The Holy Grail: Six Kindred Addresses and Essays (1906); and What is Japanese Morality? (1906).

SCHERESCHEWSKY, she"re-shev'skf, SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Shanghai, China; b., of Jewish parentage, at Tanroggen, Russian Lithuania, May 6, 1831; d. at Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 15, 1906. He was educated at the Talmud Torah of Zhitomir, Russia, and the University of Breslau, where he spent two years. In 1854 he went to the United States, where he accepted Christianity. He studied theology at the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), Alloghany, Pa., in 1855-58, but in 1858 entered the Protestant Episcopal Church and studied for another year at the General Theological Seminary. He was ordered deacon in 1859 and priested in 1860. He then went to China as a missionary, and was stationed successively at Shanghai (1860-63) and Peking (1863-75). .From 1875 to 1877 he was in the United States, and in 1877 was consecrated missionary bishop of Shanghai. In 1883 he retired on account of paralysis, with which he had been stricken in 1881. He continued his work, nevertheless, with marvellous perseverance despite his infirmities. From 1886 to 1895 he resided in the United States, preparing a revision of the Mandarin Bible which he had translated unaided many years before. He then went again to Shanghai, where for two years he devoted himself to transferring the Romanized text of this version into Chinese characters. From 1897 until his death he resided in Japan, preparing a reference Mandarin Bible and a translation of the Apocrypha, the latter left unfinished.

BIBLIoaBAPHY: W. $. Perry, Episcopate in America, p. 251, New York, 1895.

SCHERMANN, sh6r'man, THEODOR FRANZ JOSEF: German Roman Catholic; b. at Ellwangen (45 m. e.n.e. of Stuttgart), W urttemberg, Jan. 19, 1878. He was educated at the University of Munich (D.D., 1901), and, after being catechist and curate at Munich in 1901-02, studied in Paris and Italy for two years (1902-04). Since 1904 he has been privat-docent for church history, patristics, and Christian archeology at the University of Munich. He has written Die Gottheit des heiligen Geistes nach den griechischen Vatern des vierten Jahrhunderts (Freiburg, 1901); Die griechischen Quellen des heiligen Ambrosius in seinen drei Ruchern vom h-digen Geiste (Munich, 1902); Eine Elfapostelmoral oder die X-Rezension der beiden Wege (1903); Geschichte der dogmatischen Florilegien vom v.-viii. Jahrhundert (Leipsic, 1904); and has edited Prophetenr and Apostellegenden nebst Jungerkatalogen des Dorotheus and Verwandter Texte (in TU, 1907); Prophetarum vita? fabulosm indices apostolorum discipulonemque (Leipsie, 1907); and Griechische Zauberpapyri and das Gemeinde- and Dankgebet im 1 Klemensbriefe, in TU, xxxiv. 2b (1909).

SCHEURL, sheirl, CHRISTOPH GOTTLIEB ADOLF, FREIHERR VON: German Lutheran, authority on canon law; b. at Nuremberg Jan. 7,

1811; d. there Jan. 23, 1893. He came of an ancient family which had immigrated from Breslau in the fifteenth century; studied at Nuremberg, completing the local gymnasium course in 1827, at Erlangen 1827-28, and at Munich, where his object was jurisprudence, 1828-31; he qualified as lecturer at the University of Erlangen in 1836; became extraordinary professor in 1840; and, in 1845, professor of Roman and canon law, and retired to his ancestral home in 1881.

Scheurl's importance inheres both in his productive authorship and in his official service in behalf of the Church, alike in the legislative chamber and in the general synod. His studies began with the Roman law, themes from which were treated in his dissertation (1835), his academic induction thesis (1836), his essay on Nexum (1839); his Dissertatio de usus et fructus discrimine (1846), in a guide to the study of the Roman jurisprudence (1855), and especially in his text-book of the Institutiones, which appeared in eight editions. The course of his own development, however, drew him more and more into the sphere of canon law; and to this he subsequently devoted his main powers, though he won distinction in both civil and canon law. During the years 1845-19 he was a member of the chamber of delegates, where he found rich opportunity of turning to account his comprehensive lore and his judicial opinions. In the national diet of 1849 he was active in the direction which was to determine the proper focus of his later life in questions affecting the constitution of the Evangelical state church. Possibly in those years Scheurl discerned his peculiar vocation, and thenceforward his professional activity applied itself predominantly to canon law. It was but a step in this direction that in 1865 he was elected to the general synod, to which he belonged until 1884.

His official activity was closely conjoined with productive authorship. Herein he gave predominant attention to questions of church constitution. So early as 1853 and 1854 he published two treatises on the constitutional relation of the Lutheran Church in Bavaria. In an independent investigation, 1872, he enlarged upon the status of the Church to the civil power in Bavaria. The decree of the general synod of 1873 evoked a further publication. The Bavarian situation naturally prompted investigations of a general and fundamental cast. Hence he treated (1862) the doctrine of church government, the problem of freedom of conscience, concepts of confessional church and state church (1867, 1868), and the tasks of the Christian State (1885). In the year 1857 he answered a number of general questions in pamphlets which he styled Fliegende Bldtter fur die kirchliehen Fragen der Gegenwart. Numerous articles in ZPK, whose associate editor he was from 1858, and in ZKR, dealt with questions of the Evangelical constitution, while on all sides he so advocated the rights of the Evangelical church that one may justly accord him the honorable title of "syndic of the Lutheran Church." He also specialized in the modern development of the marriage law, and this led to his Entwickelung des kirchlichen Ehes; hliessungerecht (Erlangen, 1877), interesting because it is Scheurl's one considerable effort in the