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$$1 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA 9IS Scarborough of Christ Church, Middletown, N. Y. (1890 91); Trinity, Toledo, O. (1891-96); and Emmanuel, La Grange, Ill. (1896-1906). He was Deputation lec. turer on " the Church in the United States " for the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and has lectured extensively in the United States on similar topics. In 1906 he was consecrated third bishop of the diocese of Oregon. He has written Direct Answers to Plain Questions for American Churchmen (New York, 1901). SCALIGER, scal'i-ger (DE LA SCALA), JOSEPH JUSTUS: Founder of scientific chronology and philologist; b. at Agen (73 m. s.e. of Bordeaux) Aug. 4, 1540; d. at Leyden Jan. 21, 1609. Son of the famous French scholar, Julius Cwaar Scaliger, he devoted himself to the study of classical and orien tal languages at Paris, after 1558. He entered the Reformed church, 1562, and became one of its leading representatives; traveled in Italy, Eng land, and Scotland, 1565-66; studied at Valence, 1570; fled from his native land after the massacre of St. Bartholomew; was professor at Geneva, 1572 1574; spent his time in traveling throughout France or residing at the castle of his friend, a French nobleman, Louis Chastaigner de la Rochepozay, 1574-93; and was professor and head of the Uni versity of Leyden from 1593. Scaliger is the lead Ing philologist of France, and secured the scientific investigation of the classics and the adoption of the principles for the correction of ancient teats by his acute critical method. In the field of historical chronology, his M. Manilii Astronomicon libri quinque (1579) may be considered an introduction to his famous work Opus novum de emendations temporum (Paris, 1583; best enlarged ed., Cologne, 1629). In this he takes the Julian period as the larger basis, upon which he calculates the time periods of the history, of the peoples. This em braces the periods of 7,980 Julian years, and is therefore a union of the sun, moon, and indiction cycles. Here is to be mentioned also Hippolyti canon pawhalis (Leyden, 1595). He wrote his Menchus trihmreaii Nicolai Serarii (Franeker, 1605), against the attempted refutation by the Jesuits of his denial of monasticism during the Apostolic period; and in this he set forth on scientific grounds, for the first time, that the representation of the " contemplative life " by Eusebius (Hilt. eccl., ii. 17) was untenable. The capstone of his work was the edition and restitution of the synchronistic Eusebian chronieon, Thesaurus temporum Eusebii (Leyden, 1606), which by its inestimable sources of pre-classic history, seemed to him best adapted as a foundation upon which to erect the treasure-house of the times. The principal results of his investiga tion appeared under the subtitle Synagoge historion, better known under the separate title Olympiadon anagraphe (Berlin, 1852), partly in the words of the original authors, partly in a free rendering. To this he appended Isagogici chronologim canones (" Main Points to the Introduction of Chronology ") as his own. His Epistolm appeared Leyden, 1627, while Epistres frangoises to him was issued Harderwyck, 1624, and Lettres frangaism in6ditea, Paris, 1879. (G. LAUBMANNt.)

BIHnioa8APHT: Sources are: D. Baudius, Oratio funebrie honori . . . J. J. 3caliperi, Leyden, 1608; D. Heinsius, In obitum . . . J. 3oaliperi . . . orationea duos, Leyden, 1809; D. Gerdes, in Miecellanea Duiaburpenaia, Vol. iv., 8 vols., Amsterdam, 1732-45. Consult further: C. Nisard, Le Triumvirat littbraire au 16. sickle, pp. 149-308, Paris, 1852; J. Bernays, J. J. $ealiger, Berlin, 1855; E. and 15. Hang, La France proteetante, vii. 1-26, Paris, 1857; C. 9eits, M6moire cur J. J. Bcaliper et Gendue, Geneva, 1895.

SCANNELL, THOMAS BARTHOLOMEW: English Roman Catholic; b. at London July 8, 1854. After completing his education at St. Edmund's College, Ware, and the English College, Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1878, and from that year until 1885 was professor of philosophy in St. Edmund's College. He was for several years an administrator of the Southwark Fund for Infirm Priests, and has served as missioner in Brighton, Norwood, Sheerness, Folkstone, and Weybridge. In 1896 he was appointed as one of the papal commissioners on the question of the validity of Anglican orders, and since 1908 has been one of the canons of Southwark Cathedral. In collaboration with J. Wilhelm he prepared a Manual of Catholic Theology, based on Scheeben's e" Dogmatik," vol. i. (London, 1890), and besides editing the fourth and following editions of the Catholic Dictionary of W. E. Addis and T. Arnold (London, 1893 sqq.), has written The Priest's Studies (London, 1908).

SCAPEGOAT. See ATONEMENT, DAY op; AzAZEL.

SCAPULAR: A small badge or token consisting of two little pieces of cloth joined by cords, and worn over the shoulders, whence the name. Confraternities connected with various religious orders received the privilege of wearing this small representative of the habit, in token of participation in prayer, good works, and spiritual privileges with the order. These confraternities are now very widespread, and the wearing of the scapular is an approved act of devotion in the Roman Catholic Church. The most famous of the different scapulars is the brown or Carmelite scapular, the history of which goes back to a vision supposed to have been vouchsafed by the Virgin Mary to St. Simon Stock (1164-1212) of the Carmelite order, in which she promised blessings to those who should devoutly wear this scapular. Others are the black scapular of the Servite order and the red of the Passionists.

SCAPULARY. See VESTMENTS AND INSIGNIA, ECCLESIASTICAL.

SCARBOROUGH, stdr'bvr-8, JOHN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of New Jersey; b. at Castle wellan (25 m. s. of Belfast), County Down, Ireland, Apr. 25, 1831. He was educated at Trinity College Hartford (A.B., 1854), and at the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1857. He was ordered deacon in the same year and was advanced to the priesthood in 1858. After being curate of St. Paul's, Troy, N. Y., from 1857 to 1860, he was rector of the Church of the Holy Comforter, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (1860-67), and of Trinity, Pittsburg, Pa. (1867-75). In 1875 he was consecrated bishop of New Jersey.