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106 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Rousseau Rowe hoff, J. J. Rousseau, sein Leben and seine Werke, 3 vols., Leipsie, 1863-74; T. Vogt, J. J. Rousseau's Leben, Vienna, 1870; H. Beaudouin, La Vie et lea wuvres de Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2 vols., Paris, 1872; A. Chuquet, Jean Jacques Rousseau, ib. 1893; Saint-Mare-Girardin, J. J. Rous seau, as vie et acs ouvrages, ib. 1875; A. Meylan, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, sa vie et sea wu-~res, ib. 1878; H. Gehrig, Jean Jacques Rousseau, sein Leben and seine padagogisehe Bedeutung, Neuweid, 1879; H. G. Graham, Rousseau, London, 1882; & Bougeault, Ektude sur l'6tat men tal de J. J. Rousseau, Paris, 1883; L. Ducros, J. J. Roua seau, ib. 1888; R. Wahrenholtz, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Leben, Geistesentuneklung and Hauptwerke, Leipsie, 1889; idem, Jean Jacques Rousseau, New York, 1907; E. Asse, J. J. Rousseau, Paris, 1900; J. Lemaitre, Jean Jacques Rousseau, ib. 1907, Eng. transl., London, 1908. On the philosophy and ideas of Rousseau consult: E. v. Hohenhaussen, Rousseau . . . sin kritisch-literarischer Umriss, Cassel, 1847; L. Moreau, J. J. Rousseau et Is sihcle philosophique, Paris, 1870; C. Borgesud, J. J. Rous seau's Religionsphilosophie, Leipsie, 1883; G. Maugras, Querelles de philosophes Voltaire et J. J. Rousseau, Paris, 1886; 0. Schmidt, Rousseau and Byron, Leipsie, 1890; A. Spitzner, Natur and Naturgemdssheit bei J. J. Rous seau, Leipsie, 1892; L. Claritte, J. J. Rousseau, Paris, 1896; H. HSffding, Rousseau and seine Philosophic, Stutt gart, 1897; T. Davidson, Rousseau and Education accord ing to Nature, New York, 1898; E. Fahrmann, Rousseau's Naturanschauung, Leipsic, 1901; W. H. Hudson, Rousseau and Naturalism in Life and Thought, Edinburgh, 1903; Frederika Macdonald, Jean Jacques Rousseau, a New Criticism, 2 vols., London and New York, 1907(?); G. Compayre, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Education from Nature, London, 1908. ROUSSEL, ru-sell, GERARD (GERARDUS RU FUS or TOLNINUS): French Roman Catholic; b. at Vaquerie (a village near Amiens) about 1500; d. at Maul6on (25 m. s.w. of Pau) in the early part of 1550. At the age of twenty he went to Pau, where he attended the lectures of Jacobus Faber Stapulensis (see FABER, STAPULENSIS, JACOBUS); but his teacher was suspected of heresy by the Sorbonne, and Roussel accordingly followed him to Meaux, where they found refuge with Bishop Guillaume Briconnet (q.v.). Under this prelate's patronage Roussel was appointed vicar of St. Saintain, later becoming canon and treasurer of the cathedral of Meaux, where for some months he preached with out interference. Though he held that the time had not yet come to break with the Roman Catholic Church, nevertheless, on Dec. 13, 1524, Bishop Briponnet, alarmed by the warning that he might be summoned before parliament, suspended Rous sel, who, at the instigation of Farel, endeavored to set up a printing-office at Meaux for the publication of Protestant tracts, but was forced to take refuge in Strasburg, where the new teachings had become supreme. At the invitation of Francis I., he went, in 1535, to Paris, where he delivered sermons of a Protestant character at the Louvre, but was for bidden by the Sorbonne to continue. Neverthe less, he enjoyed the patronage of Margaret of Na varre, and in 1536 was consecrated bishop of Oleron. Roussel's dream was the reformation of the Church without breaking with it. He preached three and four times daily, administered the Eucharist in both kinds, and his clergy were required to recite each Sunday in the vernacular the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, and the Apostles' Creed. His two main doctrines were that God can be known only through the study of the Bible and that sal vation is won only through grace. The dialogue in which he set forth these views, the Famili&e ex- position du symbols, de la. loi et de l'oraison domini cale, was, however, condemned by the Sorbonne and was never published, although it is preserved in manuscript in the Bibliothcque Nationale, to gether with its continuation, the Forme de visites de diocese. Before this action on the part of the Sor bonne had become known to him, the bishop died from injuries received while preaching at Maul6on, where a fanatic had hacked away the pulpit with an ax. The only works of Roussel, besides those just noted, were editions of the Arithmetica of Boethius (Paris, 1521) and of the Moralia magna of Aristotle (1522). G. BONET-MAURY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources are: Beza's Hist. ecclkeiastique des 4glises reformQes, 1580, new ed. by J. W. Baum and A. E. Cunitz, 3 vols., Paris, 1883-89, also, ed. P. Vesson, 2 vols., Paris, 1882,83; and A. L. Herminjard, Corre8pondance des REformateurs, vols. i., iii., v.-vii., ix (consult index), Geneva, 1878-97. Consult: C. Schmidt, Glrard Roussel, Strasburg, 1845; Toussaint du Plessis, Hist. de l'kglise de Meaux, vol. i., Paris, 1731; H. Graf, Essai sur la vie et lea kcrits de LefPvre d'Etaptes, Strasburg, 1842; E. and 14. Haag, La France Protestants, ed. H. L. Bordier, Paris, 1877 sqq.; E. Doumergue, Jean Calvin, Lausanne, 1899; L. Delisle, Notices et extraits de la Biblioth9que nationale, vol. xxxvi., Paris, 1899; G. Kawerau, in TSK, 1902 (on the letters of Sturm to Butzer); V. L. Bourilly and N. Weiss, in Bulletin du protestantisme franfais, 1903 (on the Protestants and the Sorbonne); of. also the Bulletin, xiv., p. cli., and 2 ser., x. 415; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 334-35.

ROUTH, rauth, MARTIN JOSEPH: Church of England; b. at South Elmham (90 m. n.e. of London), Suffolk, Sept. 18, 1755; d. at Oxford Dec. 22, 1854. He was educated at Oxford (B.A., 1771; M.A., 1776; B.D., 1786). In 1791 he succeeded to the presidency of Magdalen College, Oxford. He published the Reliquim sacra,, fragments of the lost Christian authors of the second and third centuries, one of the most important and useful works upon patristic literature, revealing the finest English scholarship (4 vols., Oxford, 1814-18; 2d ed., 1846, supplementary vol., 1848); and Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum opuseula (2 vols., 1832) ; and edited Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Time (7 vols., 1823).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. W. Burgon, Lives of Twelve Good Men, 2 vols., London, 1888; T. Mozley, Reminiscences, chiefly of Oriel and the Oxford Movement, 2 vols., ib. 1882; DNB, xlix.324-326.

ROW, THOMAS: English Baptist hymnist; b. in 1786; d. at Little Grausden, Cambridgeshire, Jan. 3, 1864. He was pastor at Hadleigh, Suffolk, and, after 1838, at Little Grausden. He published Concise Spiritual Poems (London, 1817), containing 529 hymns; and Original and Evangelical Hymns (1822), containing 543 hymns. They are Calvinistic in type, and possess little poetic merit, but some have found their way into well-known collections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Julian, Hymnology, p. 979; DNB, xlix. 331.

?OWE, HENRY KALLOCH: Baptist; b. at Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 30, 1869. He was educated at Brown University (A.B., 1892; A.M., 1895), Harvard (1892-93), and Boston University (Ph.D., 1905). From 1893 to 1903 he was a teacher in academies and private schools, after which he was instructor in history in Boston University until 1906, since when he has been assistant professor of church history in Newton Theological Institution, Newton Center, Mass.