as a unit from them only logically, not really. If, now, the whole, or " thing," comprised parts, then,

since the whole is nothing but the Nominalistic parts, the part would be part both of Foundation. itself and of the other parts; and again,

since each part is necessarily prior to the whole, this whole, if it is comprised of parts, must be prior to them, so that the part is prior to itself. This paradox is solved by the fact that Roscelinus attached to " whole " (or " thing ") the connotation of a concrete and existent individual, which is consciously delimited from other objects, and ceases to be itself when one of its elements is withdrawn. The heresy of Roscelinus condemned by the Synod of Soissons was not based ostensibly upon his nominalism; but it is probably incorrect to argue that he proceeded from a theological to a nominalistic point of view in order to reconcile philosophy and theology, for he was primarily a dialectician, and considered theological problems from his philosophical standpoint. Regarding the universal as a mere logical, nominal abstraction of particulars, he could conceive God to exist only as an individual, and could construe the " three beings " only as three individuals, not as " one being " in the realistic sense, so that the unity of the three could consist only in their common power and will. In reaching this conclusion he seems to have concealed his nominalistic basis, lest, from its use in advancing a theological innovation, he should bring both theory and basis into discredit. According to Amselm, Roscelinus declared that " we must defend the Christian faith." On the surface this implies a purely apologetic interest, but it has also been construed as a plea for dialectic elucidation of the faith, and even for relative freedom of reason in the interpretation and development of ecclesiastical doctrine, especially as nominalism was generally associated with a more rationalistic tendency than was realism. The data are, however, too scanty to pronounce a

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Anselm, De fide trinitatis, contra blasphemies Roscellini in MPL, elviii.; F. Picavet, Roscelin, philosophe et th6ologien, Paris, 1898; Histoire littdraire de la France: ix. 358 aqq.; J. M. Chladen, De vita et h2resi Roscellsnx, Erlangen, 1758; J. M. de Gerando, Hist. compari;e des sysUmes de philoaophie, ii. 448, Paris, 1804; V. Cousin, Fragments de philosophic scolastique, pp. 119 .qq., Paris, 1840; H. Bouehitt5, Le Rationalisme chritien d la fin du onziJme sikcle, Paris, 1842; C. de Rbmusat, AbRard, 2 vols., Paris, 1845· B: Haur6au, De la philosophic scolastique, i. 175-179, Paris, 1850; C. Prand, Geschiehte der Lopik im Abendlande, 177 eqq., Leipsic, 1881; A. Sthckl, Geschichte der Philosophic des Mittelalters, i. 135 sqq., Mainz, 1884; C. S. Baraeb, Zur Geschichte des Nominalismus, in Kleine phidosophische Schrtften, Vienna, 1878; F. Ueberweg, Geschichte der Philosophic, ed. M. Heinze, Vol. n., Berlin, 1905 Eng. transl. of earlier ed., i. 384, 372378, 380, New York, 1874· Schaff, Christian Church, v. 1, pp. 592, 800, 613; Neander, Christian Church, Vol. iv. passim; KL, x. 1272-73; Harnack, Dogma, vi. 34, 151182, 182; the works on the history of philosophy by J. E. Erdmann, 3 voK, London, 1892-98, and W. Windelband, New York, 1893.

ROSE, HENRY JOHN: Church of England; b. at Uckfield (15 m. n.e. of Brighton) Jan. 3, 1800; d. at Bedford Jan. 31, 1873. He was graduated from St. John's College. Cambridge (B.A., 1821; M.A., 1824; B.D., 1831; fellow, 1824-38); rector of

Houghton Conquest, Bedfordshire, 1837-73; and archdeacon of Bedford, 1868-73. He was joint editor of the Encyclopedia Metropolitans (London, 1817-45) from 1839, from which he reprinted, with additions, his History of the Christian Church from 1700 to 1868 (1858). He was a member of the English Old-Testament company of revisers, and wrote in part the notes on Daniel in The Bible Commentary (London, 1872-82). He was author of The Law of Moses in Connection with the History and Character of the Jews, Hulsean lectures, 1833 (Cambridge, 1834); and Answer to the Case of Dissenters (1834). He was a conservative churchman, an indefatigable collector of books, and a voluminous miscellaneous editor and writer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. W. Burgon, The Lives of Twelve Good Men, pp. 284-295 et passim, 2 vole., London, 1888; E. M. Goulburn, John W. Burpon: a Biography, 2 vole., London, 1891; DNB, alis. 232-233.

ROSE, HUGH JAMES: Church of England, brother of the preceding; b. at Little Horsted (14 m. n.e. of Brighton) June 9, 1795; d. at Florence, Italy, Dec. 22, 1838. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1817; was vicar of Horsham, 1822-30; prebendary of Chichester, 1827-33; Christian Advocate in the University of Cambridge, 18291833; rector of Hadley, Suffolk, 1830-33; incumbent of Fairsted, Essex, 1834-37, and of St. Thomas, Southwark, 1835-38; professor of divinity at the University of Durham, 1833; and principal of King's College, London, 1836. He was a very learned man, and a High-churchman of the most pronounced type. He early established relations with J. H. Newman and others of the Oxford movement, and the celebrated Hadleigh conference, which bore fruit later in crystallizing that movement, was held at his rectory, although later Rose took but little part (see TRACTARIANISM). He founded the British Magazine anal Monthly Register of Religious and Ecclesiastical Information, 1832; was editor of the Encyclopedia Metropolitans (29 vole., London, 1817-45) in 1836-38; and projected the New General Biographical Dictionary (12 vole., London, 1848). He published Christianity always Progressive (London, 1829); and The Gospel an Abiding System (1832).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. W. Burgon, The Lives of Twelve Good Men, 2 vole., London, 1888; J. H. Newman, Apologia pro vita sue. chap, ii., ib. 1884; H. P. Liddon, Life of Edward Bouverie Puaey, passim, 3 vole.r,! ~ib. 1893-94; DNB, alis. 240-242; and literature under TRACTARIANIBM.

ROSENMUELLER, ro'zen-miil"ler, ERNST FRIEDRICH KARL: German Lutheran and orientalist; b. at Hessberg (a village near Hildburghausen, 17 m. s.e. of Meiningen) Dec. 10, 1768; d. at Leipsic Sept. 17, 1835. He was educated at the University of Leipsic, where he was privet-docent (1792-96), associate professor of Arabic (17961813), and full professor of oriental languages (18131835). His life was the uneventful one of a quiet, earnest student. Besides reediting S. Bochart's Hierozoicon (3 vole., Leipsic, 1793-96), he wrote Scholia in Vetus Testamentum (16 parts 1788-1817; excerpted in five parts, 1828-35); Handbuch far die Litteratur der biblischeu Kritik and Exegese (4 parts,