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U. S., ib. 1909; J. L. Kirlin, Catholicity in Philadelphia from the Earliest Missionaries down to the Present Time, Philadelphia, 1909; F. T. Morton, The Roman Catholic Church and its Relation to the Federal Government, Boston, 1909; The Catholic Church in the United States, New York, 1908 eqq. On Other Countries consult: B. Wolferstan, The Catholic Church in China 1860-190'7, London, 1909; P. Pierling, La Russie e6 la Saint-SQpe. Ptudea diplomatiques, Paris, 1896-1901; L. Leseaur, L'Eglise eathaliques et Is gouvernement russe, ib. 1903; P. H. Zachers, Geschiedenis van het Herstel der Hierarchic in die Nederlanden, 2 vols., Nijmegen, 1903-04; G. Verspeyen, Le Parti catholique belge, Ghent, 1893; F. Deschamps, Catholiques actuels. Nos littlraires, Louvain, 1893; L. Schmitt, Die Verteidigung der katholischen Kirche in Danemark gegen die Religionaneuerung im 16. Jahrhundert Paderborn, 1899; J. P. Restrepo, La Iglesia y el Estado en Colombia, London, 1885.

On the Uniate churches consult: L. Allatius, De ecdesim occidentalis alque orientalis perpetua consensione, Cologne, 1648; P. P. Rodotil, Del Origine . . . del rito Greco in Italia, Rome, 1758-63; A. Theiner, Die neuesten Zustdnde der katholischen Kirchen beider Ritue in Polen and Russland seit Katharina 11., Augsburg, 1841; O. Meier, Die Propaganda, ihre Provinzen and ihr Recht, 2 parts, Gbttingen, 1852-53; L. Leseceur, L'Eglise catholique en Pologne, Paris, 1860; J. Lelewel, Hist. de la Lithuanie et de la RuthMie, Paris, 1861; M. von Malinowaki, Die Kirchenr unit Staatmtzungen bezfiglich des griechischkatholischen Ritus der Ruthenen in Galizien, Lemberg, 1861; J. Hergenrather, Die Rechtsverhdltnisse der verschiedenen Riten, in Archiv fur katholisches Kirchenrecht, vols. vii.-viii., 1862; L. Tolstoi, Le Catholicisme rmnain en Russie, Paris, 1863; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirehlichen Trennung zwischen den Orient unit Occident, 2 vols., Munich, 1864-65; J. B. Pitra, Juris ecclesiastici Grascorum historia et monumenta, 2 vole., Rome, 1864-68; A. Theiner and F. Miklosich, Monuments spedantia ad unionem eeclesiarum Gracm et Romans', Vienna, 1872; J. Pelesz, Geschichte der Union der ruthenischen Kirche mit Ron, 2 vole., Vienna, 1878-80; N. Nilles, Kalendarium manuale utriusque ecclesim, 4 vols., Innsbruck, 1879-85, 2d ed. of vole. i.-ii_1896-97; E. Likowaki, Gesehichte des allgemeinen Verfalls der unierten ruthenischen Kirche im 18. and 19. Jahrhundert, 2 vole., Posen, 1885-87; O. Werner, Orbis terrarum catholicus sive totius ecelesia catholiece . .

conspectus geographicus et statisticus, Freiburg, 1890; F. Kattenbusch, Vergleichende Konfessionskunde, Leipsic, 1892; G. M. Rae, The Syrian Church in India, London, 1892; A. Arndt, Die gegenseitigen Rechtsverhdltnisse der Riten in der katholischen Kirche, in Archiv ffar katholisches Kirchenrecht, lxxi (1894); W. K5hler, Die katholiwhen Kirchen des Morgenlands, Darmstadt, 1896 (very thorough); H. Denzinger, Ritus orientalium, 2 vols., Warzburg, 1863-64, 9th ed., 1900; M. Fowler, Christian Egypt, London, 1901; K. Beth, Die orientalische Christenheit der Mittelmeerlander, Berlin, 1902; Cotroneo, 11 Rito Greco in Calabria, Reggio, 1902; F. Loofs, Symbolik, i. 393 sqq., Tiibingen, 1902; E. Likowski, Die ruthenischromische Kirchenvereinigung, genannt Union zu Bred, Cracow, 1904; A. Silbemagl, Verfassung and gegenwdrtiger Bestand admtlicher Kirchen des orients, 2d ed., ed. J. Schnitzer, Regensburg, 1904; Prince Max, Duke of Saxony, Vorlesungen fiber die orientalische Kirchenfrage, Freiburgin-Switzerland, 1907; Sesostris Sidarouss, Des Patriarcats. Lee Patriarcats dan8 1'empire ottoman et splcialement en Pgypte, Paris, 1907; Charon, Le quinziame centenaire de S. Jean Chrysostome, pp. 258-264, Rome, 1909; KL, iii. 41 15, vi. 428-446, 1133-41, x. 1418-20; HObner-Jurasehek, Geographisch-statiatische Tabellen aller Ldnder (an annual); La Gerarchia Cattolica (an annual).

ROMAN CATHOLIC EUCHARISTIC CONGRESSES: Name given to assemblies of ecclesiastics and laymen convened for the purpose of glorifyinge the Eucharist, and of devising means to promote knowledge and love thereof among the faithful. Because of the constant traditional doctrine of the real presence (see LORD'S SUPPER; and TRANSUBSTANTIATION), the Eucharist has always been considered as the most precious treasure bestowed

by Christ upon his Church, and for long centuries it has been the center of Roman Catholic worship, the chief source of Christian piety. The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by a general movement among Roman Catholics in the direction of an increase of devotion toward the Eucharist; confraternities of the Blessed Sacrament were organized, and works of adoration and the practise of frequent communion became more wide-spread (see PERPETUAL ADORATION OF THE BLESSED SACRAmENT). Of this general movement Eucharistic Congresses became an important and stimulating factor. The first of these gatherings was convened at the instance of Bishop Gaston de S4gur and was held at Lille, France, in June, 1881. It was a local event with a small attendance, but the idea rapidly gained favor and from the year 1885 when the fourth congress was held in Freiburg, Switzerland, under the direction of Mgr. Mermillod, bishop of Lausanne, the assemblies began to assume an international character. The eighth congress was held in Jerusalem (May 14-21, 1893) and was presided over by Cardinal Lang4nieux, archbishop of Reims, who acted as papal delegate sent by Leo XIII. In the mean time there had grown up, in all countries where Roman Catholics were numerous, local gatherings of the Eucharistic leagues, and these too became potent factors in the spread of the devotion. The nineteenth congress was held in London Sept. 913, 1908. It was attended by a vast number of ecclesiastics and laymen from all parts of the world, and it was considered to be in many respects the most important congress yet held. Besides great numbers of bishops and priests, there were present seven cardinals, among whom was Cardinal Vincenzo Vanutelli, who presided as special delegate of Pius X. It had been planned to carry the host in triumphal procession through the streets, but on account of violent opposition on the part of many English non-Catholics the project was abandoned after a request to that effect had been addressed by Premier Asquith to Archbishop Bourne of Westminster. The twentieth congress was held in Montreal, Canada, Sept. 7-11, 1910. It was the first held in America, and in point of enthusiasm and attendance on the part of the faithful it surpassed all previous gatherings of the kind. Three cardinals were present, one of them being Cardinal Vincenzo Vanutelli, who again presided as papal delegate. Among the salient features of the congress were a monster procession in the streets, and an open-air mass celebrated on the southeastern slope of Mount Royal at which 40,000 persons assisted.

JAMES F. DRISCOLL.

BIHraoaxAPHx: Thomas F.Meehan,inCatholicEncyclopedia, v. 593-594, New York, 1909; official Reports of the different congresses; The Narrative of the Eucharistic Congress, Montreal, 1910; A. S6gur, Biographie nouvelle de Mgr. De Sggur, Paris, 1885.

Name given to the private schools maintained in the United States chiefly by Roman Catholics independently of support from the State. The reason for the existence of such schools outside and independent of the otherwise excellent public school system of this country is simply a matter of religious