The character of the period of the Judges is outlined in the introduction to the book of Judges, especially ii. 10 sqg. After the subjection of the chief Canaanjtjc Peoples, the Israelites had relaxed their energies, and had entered into friendly rela-
tions in many cases with their former foes. The result was an oppressive subjugation of the Israel-
ites, until they remembered God, who s. Charac- raised up judges to deliver them. ter of the Nevertheless, as soon as a judge passed Period. away, his influence vanished, and thepeople returned to their coquetry with the surrounding nations, again falling into political and spiritual bondage. The period was also characterized by a centrifugal tendency both in national and religious life. It was the time when the tribes enjoyed the greatest freedom, and only when mutual perils united them did they recollect their common origin and invoke their common God. The tendencies of the time thus powerfully favored the confusion of the worship of Yahweh and Baal, as well as of other gods whose symbols, oracles, and cult were openly adopted; but, on the other hand, the horrors resulting from gentile immorality were washed out in blood (Judges xix.-xx.), and faith prompted the vows of mighty sacrifices (Judges xi. 31; I Sam. i. 11). In like manner, low though the culture of the Israelites sank during this period of storm and stress, the power of the nation was still strong and unbroken. It was an age of heroes, not only physical but moral, finding exemplification in the Song of Deborah, the fable of Jotham, and the humor of Samson. Nor was the disunion of the Israelites at this period, as some maintain, a preliminary to their development as a nation, for the Song of Deborah itself clearly shows a strong consciousness of the religious and national homogeneity of the tribes.
The period of the Judges was opened by an eight years' subjugation of Israel by Chushan-rishathaim of Aram-naharaim (Judges iii. 8), apparently a king of the Mitanni (A. H. Sayee, The Higher Criticism and the Monuments, pp. 297, 304, London, 1894) who repeatedly sought to establish themselves in
Canaan against Egypt. The Israel-i. History ites were delivered from this yoke by of the Othniel, the son of Kenaz, who dwelt
Period. in the south (Judges i. 12-13), afterwhich there followed forty years of peace (Judges iii. 9-11). During this period of repose, two events happened which, although related at the end of the book of Judges, can not have taken place long after Joshua's death: the migration of a portion of the tribe of Dan, prevented by the hostile Amoritea from occupying their territory along the sea (Judges i. 34), to the north, where they founded the city of Laiah, or Dan (the modern Tell akKa,di, west of Banias), and introduced an idolatrous cult (Judges xviii.); and the w8r of revenge on Benjamin for the outrage committed in Gibeah (Judges xix.-xx.~. Others, however, place both these events before the Mesopotamian invasion (cf. Joaephus, Ant. V., ii. 8 sqq., iii. I); but there is no ground for the view that these epi sodes are later interpolations. After the death of Othniel at the expiration of the forty years' peace, the Israelites were again subjugated for eighteen'
years by the combined Moabitea, Ammonites, and Amalekites, until the Benjamite Ehud killed the
Moabite King Eglon (Judges iii. 12 sqq.). Eighty years of peace followed, after which the Israelites
BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. Moller, Geschichte der Kosmologie in der griechischen Kirche, pp. 241-248, Halle, 1860; A. Hilgenfeld, in ZWT, v (1862), 446-452; idem. Die Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums, pp. 64, 67, 270, 277, Leipsic, 1884; G. Salmon, in DCB, iii. 587-589; idem, in Hermathena, xi (1885), 389-402; H. Stllhelin, in TU, vi. 3 (1891).