BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Epfiatolae et privitepia are in MPL, czxxv. Consult: Liter pontifkalie, ad . Duchesne, ii. 252, Paris, 1892; Jaff6, Repasts, i, 470-477; J. M. Watterich, Romanarum pontiJkum vitas, i. 44, 86, 885-888, Leipsic, 1882; B. Jungmann, Diaeertationsa seleetae, iv. 493 eqq., Regensburg, 1884; J. Langan, OeachichEt der rcmiachen Kirche, iii. 354-383, Bonn, 1892; Hauck, KD, iii. passim; F. Gregorovius, Hiat. of the City of Rome, iii 35777, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 321-323; B. Plating, Lives of the Popes, i. 255-258, London, n,d.
John %IV.: Pope 983-984. Formerly known as Peter, bishop of Pavia and chancellor of Italy, he was elected in Nov. 983, by the influence of Otto II. After Otto's death the rival claimant, Boniface VIL, returned from Constantinople and imprisoned John in the Castle of Sant'Angelo, where he died Aug. 20, 984. (H. BOEHMER.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: Jaff6, Repeats, i. 484; J. M. Watterieh, Romanorum pontiJlcum roitae, i. 88, 888-887, Leipsic, 1882; Bower, Popes, ii. 325; B. Plating, Lives of the Popes, i. 280, London, n.d.; F, Gregorovius, Hiat. of the City of Rome, iii. 393, 397, London, 1895.
John %V.: Pope 985-986. During his pontificate the political power in Rome was in the hands of John Crescentius IL, and the papacy enjoyed little consideration abroad, as is shown by the history of the Reims contest (see SYLVESTER IL). His relations with Germany, however, were relatively close, and he acted (through his legate Leo of Trevl) as mediator between Ethelred of England and Richard of Normandy, sanctioning the peace of Rouen (Mar. 1, 991). He died early in April, 996. (H. BOEHMER.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liter pontiJlcalia, ad. Duchesne ii, 280, Paris, 1892; J. M. Watterieh, Romanorum pm.. vitae i. 887. 887-888, Leipsic, 1882; J. Langan, Oeachichte I
der rbmischen K irche, iii. 389-380, Bonn, 1892; F. Grego-rovius, Hiat. of the City of Rome, iii. 398-408, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 328-329.
John %VL: Pope 997-998. A Greek of low extraction from Roseano in Calabria, he was made abbot of Nonantula by the favor of the Empress
I Theophanu, who, as regent after Otto IL's death, procured his elevation to the bishopric of Piacenza. When John Crescentius expelled Gregory V. from Rome, he assumed the papacy; but Otto III. re stored Gregory, and John was captured in March, 998, deposed, mutilated, and imprisoned in a Roman monastery, where he lived apparently until April 2, 1013. (H. BOEHMER.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: JaffB, Rcpeata, i. 495-496; J. M, Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 88, 889 eqq., Leipsic, 1882; J, Langan, Oeschichte der rtimiachen Kirche, iii. 38b-387, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hint. of the City of Rome, iii. 422-427, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 330; B. Plating, Lives of the Popes, i. 283-284, London, n.d.
John %VII.: Pope 1003. He was a Roman named Sicco, who was elected June 13 by the will of Crescentius, and died Dec.?. The only thing known of him is that he was married before his elevation. (H. BOEHMER.)B113LIOGRAPHY: Li(xr pontiJicaiis, ad. Duchesne, ii. 265, Paris, 1892; Jaff4, Repasts, i. 501; Bower, Popes, ii. 333; B. Plating, Liven of the Popes, i. 285.
John %VIIL: Pope 1003-09. He was another creature of Creacentius, named Fasanus or Phasianus, son of a Roman presbyter Leo. That he was not lacking in energy is shown by his vigorous proceedings against the bishops of Sens and Orleans, who had required Abbot Gauzlin of Fleury to burn the papal privileges of exemption; and he seems to have had some success against his Byzantine opponents. He died in June, 1009.
(H. BOEHMER.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liter Pontiltcalia, ed. Duohesne, ii. 288, Paris, 1892; Jaff6, Repeeta, i. 501-503; J. M. Watterieh, Romanonam pond ficum vitae, i 89 . 899-700. Leipsic, 1882; Mary Bateeon, in Hiatordcal Review, 1895, pp. 728-729; F. Gregorovius, Hint. of do City of Rome, iv. 7-10, London, 1898; Bower. Popes, 1334; B. Plating, Lives of the Popes, i. 288, London, n.d.John %I%.: Pope 1024-32. He was the brother of Benedict VIII., Romanus by name, and was elected by the Tuaculan party between April 12 and May 10. The eastern Emperor Basil II. requested him to acknowledge the patriarch Eustathins of Constantinople as " ecumenical bishop," or practically as an eastern pope. John was disposed to accede, but the monastic reformers raised such a storm of protest that the negotiations were broken off. After crowning Conrad II. (Mar. 26, 1027), John was completely under his power, and his decrees were treated with dontempt by the emperor in Germany. In France, however, his authority seems to have been respected, and King Canute of England paid him a visit in 1027. Apparently without much protest, he conducted a simoniacal traffic; the only objection raised by Canute to the demand of mosey for conferring the pallium was to the largeness of the amount. He seems to have died Nov. 8, 1032.
(H. BOEHMER.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: JaffE, Repeats, i. 514-519;- J. M. Watterieh, Romaiwrram pontifieam vitae, i. 70. 708-711 Leipaie 1882; J. Lsngen, (isschiehte der riimiachen Kirehe, iii. 418-i.'.8,
ments and Apocrypha; the Quarterly Statements; and, of their maps, the Great Map of Western Palestine, the PhotoRelief Map of Palestine, and the Raised Map of Palestine. Indispensable are: Onomastics sacra, ed. P. de Lagarde, GBttingen, 1887; A. Neubauer, La GEographie du Talmud, Paris, 1868; V. Gudrin, Description de la Palestine, i.-ii., Paris, 1868-75. A very convenient check-list of placenames is given in P. Thomsen, Loca sancta. Verzeichnis der im 1.-B. Jahrhundert eru~dhnten Ortschaften Pal&tinas, vol. i., Halle, 1907; cf. idem, Systematische Bibliographic der Palastina-Literatur, Leipsic, 1908. A considerable Literature of travel may be found in J. F. Hurst, Literature of Theology, pp. 119-130, New York, 1896. Consult further: C. Ritter, Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula, iii.,174-350, Edinburgh, 1866; G. Ebers and H. Guthe, Paltistina in Bild and Wort, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1881-83; F. Buhl, Geographic des alien Paltistina, Tiibingen, 1896; F. J. Bliss, Development of Palestine Exploration, New York, 1906; DB, ii. 791-792; EB, ii. 26162623; K. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria, Leipsic. 1906.
On Hebron consult: M. de Vogii6, Macp6la ou tombeau des patriarches d Hebron, Lausanne, 1869; E. Pierotti, Macpela ou tombeau des patriarches k Hebron, ib. 1869; E. Rosen, in Berliner Zeitschrift fiir allgemeine Erdku--de, xiv (1863), 369-429, xv (1864), 160-162; idem, in ZDMG, xii (1858), 477-513; H. Guthe, in ZDPV, xvii (1894), 238 sqq. On Gilgal: H. Zsehokke, B eitrdpe zur Topopraphie der westlfchen Jordanaau, Jerusalem, 1866. On Bethphage: C. Clermont-Ganneau, in Revue archeologique, December, 1877. On Emmaus: H. Zschokke, Das neuteatameneliche Emmaus, Schaffhausen, 1865; M. J. Schiffers, Amwas, dos Emmaus des heilipen Lucas, Freiburg, 1890; H. Guthe, in ZDPV, xvi (1893), 298 sqq. On Mizpeh: P. A. Raboisson, Les Maspeh. nude de giographie exe0tique touchant lea difjerentes localiMa de ce nom, Paris, 1897. Also see GEZER.