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488 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Qarnier Qaequet GARVE, KARL BERNHARD: German Moravian preacher and hymn-writer; b. at Jeinsen (a. of Han over) Jan. 24, 1763; d. at Herrnhut (42 m. e. of Dresden) June 21, 1841. His father's house was a meeting-place for the Moravian brethren of that part of Germany, and a candidate from Herrnhut was a private tutor in his father's family. At the age of five Karl was sent to the institution of the Brethren in Zeist, then to Neuwied-on-the-Rhine. His edu cation was completed in the Paedagogium in Niesky and in the theological seminary in Barby. In 1784 he received his first position as teacher at the Pa'da gogium. In 1789 he. became docent of historical and philosophical sciences in the theological semi nary. Starting from the criticism of Kant and fol lowing closely Jacobi and Reinhold, he endeavored to build a foundation for the Moravian conception of Christianity. But his lectures on philosophy only fostered an aversion to theology and practical service in the Congregation of Brethren so that the authorities were compelled to dismiss Garvein 1797, acknowledging, however, their kindly feelings to ward him. From 1799 to 1816 he was successively preacher in the Moravian congregations at Amster dam, Ebersdorf, Norden, Berlin, and from 1816 to 1836 at Neusalz-on-the-Oder. In 1837 he retired to Herrnhut. [carve was one of the most noted of the Moravian hymn-writers; his best hymn is probably Dein Wort, 0 Herr, is$ milder Thau, trans lated by Miss Winkworth as " Thy Word, O Lord, like gentle dews."] He wrote: Chxistliche Gesange (G&rlitz, 1825); Briidergesdnge (Gnadau, 1827); Der deutsche Verabau (Berlin, 1827); Die Themes der Dichtkunst (1828); Die Schule der Weisheit (Leipsic, 1830); and Der Volka»ertreter (Carlsruhe, 1839). JOSEPH Mt)LLER.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: A notice by his son Leopold appeared in the Nakrolog der Deutaduen, mix. 1, pp. 609-610. Consult also Julian, Hymnology, pp. 404-405.
GARVIE, ALFRED ERNEST: English Congregationalist; b. at Zyrardow, Russian Poland, Aug. 28, 1861. He studied at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and the universities of Glasgow (M.A., 1889) and Oxford (B.A., 1892). After being lecturer at Mansfield College in 1892, he held pastorates at Macduff Congregational Church 1893-95 and at Montrose Congregational Church 1895-1903. In 1903-07 he was professor of the philosophy of theism, comparative religion, and Christian ethics in Hackney and New Colleges, London, of which he has been principal since 1907. He was examiner in Biblical languages and literatures in Edinburgh Congregational Hall 1895-1902, and president of the Hampstead Free Church Council 19061907. In theology he is moderately progressive and liberal, and is a Lutheran rather than a Calvinist. He has written The Ethics of Temperance (London, 1895); The Ritsehlian Theology (Edinburgh, 1899); Commentary on Romans in The Century Bible (London, 1901); The Gospel for To-Day (1904); The Christian Personality . (1904); My Brother's Keeper (1905); and Religious Education (1906).
GASPARIN, gas"pa''ran·, AGENOR ETIENNE: French Protestant, statesman and author; b. at Orange (18 m. n. of Avignon) July 12, 1810; IV.-28d. at Geneva May 8, 1871. He studied law in Paris and entered politics. After having held various political appointments he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Bastia, Corsica, in 1842. On being defeated for reelection in 1846 he abandoned politics and devoted himself thenceforth to writing and lecturing, chiefly on social and religious subjects. He worked for the abolition of slavery, the suppression of war, the establishment of religious liberty, and the separation of Church and State. In 1849 he settled at Geneva, where he lived till his death. His principal works are: Esclavage et trait6 (Paris, 1838); Las Int&&s gdn&aux du proteetantisme franpsis (1843); Christianisme et paganiame (2 vols., 1846); Des tables tournantes, du. sumaturel en g6n&al, et des esprits (2 vols., 1854; Eng. trawl., Science vs. Modern Spiritualism, 2 vols., New York, 1857); Lm &oles du doute et Z'&ole de la foi (Geneva, 1854; Eng. trawl., The Schools of Doubt and the School of Faith, Edinburgh, 1854); Un Grand Peuple qui se reUve (Paris, 1'861; Eng. tmnd., The Uprising of a Great People, New York, 1861, and London, 1862); L'Am6rique devant L'Europe (1862; Eng. trawl., America before Europe, New York and London, 1862); La Famine (2 vols., 1865; Eng. transl., The Family, London, 1867) ; La LiUrtg morale (2 vols., 1868); L'4yalW (1869); La Conscience (18,72); and L'6glise selon Z'hangile (2 vols., 1878). Other translations from Gasparip are: The Doctrine of Plenary Inspiration (Edinburgh, 1852), from five articles in the Archives du Christianisme; and The Concessions of the Apostle Paul and the Claims of Truth (1854), translated from an unpublished manuscript.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Accounts of his life are by T. Borel, Paris, 1878; L. Ruffet, ib. 1884; and C. Barbey-Boiseier, 2 vole., Paris, 1902.
GASQUET, FRANCIS AIDAN: English Benedictine; b. in London Oct. 5, 1846. He was graduated at St. Gregory's College, Downside, Bath, in 1864, and entered the Benedictine order in 1865, being a postulant at Belmont Priory, near Hereford, 1865-70 and at Downside Priory 1870-74. , In 1874 he was ordained priest, and from 1878 to 1885 was prior of the community, but was compelled to resign on account of ill health. On his recovery he was appointed by Pope Leo XIII. to engage in historical research, and accordingly, removed to London. In 1896 he was appointed a member of the commission of Anglican orders, and during a visit in Rome discovered important documents bearing on the controversy. Four years later he was appointed abbot president of the English Benedictines, and in this capacity controls .four wonasteries and over 300 monks. He has written Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries (2 vole., London, 1888); Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer (in collaboration with Edmund Bishop; 1890); The Great Pestilence (1893); . The Last Abbot of Glastonbury (1895); A Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History (1896); The Old English Bible, and Other Essays (1897); The Eros of the Reformation (1900); A Short History of the Catholic Church in England (1903); English Monastic Life (19030; Henry the Third and the Church (1905);, Lord Acton and his Circle (1906); Pariah Life in Madia-