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347 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Fosoaraxi Foster sor of philosophy at McMaster University, Toronto, and, in 1895, professor of systematic theology in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago. In 1905 he was transferred to the professorship of the philosophy of religion. He is the author of The Finality of the Christian, Religion (Chicago, 1906). FOSTER, JAMES: English dissenting minister; b. at Exeter Sept. 16, 1697; d. in London Nov. 5, 1753. He was educated at the free school, and at an academy, in Exeter, where he began preaching in 1718. After holding several obscure and pre carious charges he came to London in 1724 as the colleague of Joseph Burroughs at the chapel in the Barbican. In 1728 he became Sunday evening lecturer at the Old Jewry and in 1744 pastor of the independent church at Pinners' Hall He took part in a number of theological controversies and enjoyed a great reputation as a pulpit orator. He is mentioned by Pope in the epilogue to the Satires, and it was a proverbial saying that "those who had not heard Farinelli sing and Foster preach were not qualified to appear in genteel company." Though Foster defended the historical evidences of Christianity against the views of Tindal, he was himself essentially a deist and rationalist. Besides numerous sermons, included in a collected edition, Sermons (4 vols., London, 1755), he published, An Essay on Fundamentals (London, 1720), in which he maintained that the doctrine of the Trinity is not essential; The Usefulness, Truth, and Excel lency of the Christian Revelation (1731), a reply to Tindal; and Discourses on All the Princspal Branches of Natural Religion and Social Virtue (2 vole., 1749-52), which had 2,000 subscribers. BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. Wilson, Dissenting Churches, ii. 270 285, 4 vols., London, 1808-14; J. Ivimey, Hist. of the English Baptists, iii. 215, 399-404, ib. 1823; J. Sparks, Collection of Essays, v. 171-185, 6 vols., Boston, 1823-26; DNB, xx. 54-55. FOSTER, JOHN: English Baptist; b. at Wads worth Lane, parish of Halifax (14 m. w.s.w. of Leeds), Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770; d. at Stapleton (a suburb of Bristol), Gloucestershire, Oct. 15, 1843. He was the eldest son of a farmer and manufacturer. Up to his eighteenth year he was occupied chiefly with factory work, but had en joyed some educational advantages and had read largely in Puritan theology. Serious and medita tive, he cared little for society or sport and was en tranced with the beauties of nature. When seven teen years of age he experienced conversion and was baptized into the fellowship of the Calvinistic Baptist church at Hobden Bridge. Under the in fluence of Dr. Fawcett, his pastor, he entered the school of the latter (Brearly Hall) to study for the ministry. Here he not only pursued with enthu siasm and success the classical and literary courses offered, but read extensively in theology and be came master of an elegant literary style. After three years of preparatory study he proceeded to the Baptist college at Bristol, where in scholarship, depth of thought, and literary skill he surpassed all his fellow students, but proved remarkably lacking in preaching power. With a most intense desire to use his gifts and attainments for the edi-
fication of saints and the conversion of sinners, his abstract and overelaborate way of sermonizing, his deficiency in popular touch, and a chronic throat trouble that made his voice ineffective, resulted at Newcastle, Dublin, Chichester, Battersea, and Downend, where he successively ministered, in the dwindling of the congregations and the closing of the chapels. While ultra-Calvinistic in his predestinarianism, he early became almost Arian in his Chlystology. The latter made him unacceptable to the Particular Baptists, and the former to the General Baptists. For a time he gave instruction to certain African youths who had been brought to England to he educated for missionaries.
While still engaged in pastoral effort Foster published (1805) a volume of Essays, including his famous essay On Decision of Character, which attracted much attention. From 1808 he was a regular contributor to the Eclectic Review. His articles published in this periodical are said to have numbered 185. His essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance (1819), originally an address before a benevolent society, added greatly to his fame. He had an invincible aversion to the Established Church and to the special privileges of the British aristocracy; and the evils of the time in Britain and her colonies he was never weary of attributing to the unchristian and antisocial elements in Church and State. In arraigning the religious and social evils of the time he assumed a somewhat pessimistic tone, but exerted a wide-spread influence in favor of reform. Among his other writings are An Introduction to Doddridge's `Rise and Progress' (Glasgow, 1825), and Lectures Delivered at Broadmead Chapel (1844-47). Among the points on which he differed from his Baptist brethren was his denial of eternal punishment, which he was unable to reconcile with his conceptions of the benevolence and the righteousness of God.
FOSTER, ROBERT VERRELL: Presbyterian (formerly Cumberland Presbyterian); b. near Lebanon, Tenn., Aug. 12, 1845. He was graduated at Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1870 and Union Theological Seminary in 1877. He was professor of mathematics in Cooper Institute (near Meridian, Miss.) 1871-75, and in Waynesburg College, Waynesburg, Pa., 1877, professor of English, ethics, psychology, and logic in Cumberland University 1877-81 and also of Hebrew and New Testament Greek 1877-93. Since 1893 he has been professor of systematic theology in the Cumberland Presbyterian Theological Seminary in the same institution. In theology he is a Calvinist, although he believes that in the vicarious atonement of Christ propitiation is made for the sins of the whole world, and that for this reason the Gospel is freely and sincerely offered to all men for their acceptanee or rejection. He prepared com-
mentaries on the International Sunday-school Lessons from 1881 to 1895, edited The Theological Quarterly Review 1891-92 and has written Introduction to the Study of Theology (Chicago, 1889);
Old Testament Studies: Being an Outline of Old