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181 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
color from it while he imposes form upon it. In this way he makes himself the only man of the Apostolic Age who is largely and vitally individual to us and comes before us as a real person. No life of Peter or John can be written which is not mainly generalization and more or less diffuse sermonizing. But a biography of Paul is possible. HENRY S. NASH.
II. Apocryphal Epistles. Bee APOCRYPHA, B.III. Epistles, in the Liturgical Sense. See PERIcorE; and also EVANI3ELIARIUM; for those in the
ecclesiastical sense see COMMENDATORY LETTERS; DECRETAL6; ENCYCLICAL LETTERS; LETTERS DIMI880RY.
Brsrroonerax: As as aid to penetrating the internal life of the Apostolic Age through study of the Epistles, con sult in general the literature on that period cad the works on Introduction to the N. T., especially: E. Reran, Hiat. des origins& du chriatianiame, 7 vols.. Paris, 1883-82, Erg. trawl., London, n.d. (brilliant, but the conclusions are to be scanned); E. Reuss, Geaehichte der heitigea Sehrifden des N. T., Brunswick, 1887, Eng. trawl., London, 1890 (somewhat antiquated, yet precise sad char in in sight); A. C. McGiffert, Hid. of* Chrdatianitb in the Apostolic Age, New York, 1897 (belongs to the Harnaek school); A. Jiilicher, Einleituap in daa N. T., TBbingen, 1901, Eng. trawl., London, 1904 (beat for Introduction); J. Moffatt, Historical N. T., Edinburgh, 1901 (handy); E. von Dobsahiits, Daa apoatoLiache Zeitalter, Halls, 1904, Eng. trawl., London. 1904 (on the religious and social background); P. Wernle, Die Anfttngs uneerer Religion, Tiibingen, 1904, Eng. trawl., Beginnings a/ Christianity, 2 vole., London, 1903-04 (the doctrinal predominates over the practical and social); W. M. Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, ib. 1905; J. H. Ropes, The Apostolic Ape in the Light of Criticism, New York, 1908 (beat popular work); H, von 8oden, Bepim rings of Christianity, London, 1908.
EPISTOLIE OBSCURORUM VIRORUM: A se-, rice of satirical epistles occasioned by the conflict between Johann Reuchlin (q.v.) and the Dominicans of Cologne in the early years of the sixteenth century. They may be regarded as companion pieces to the Clarorum virorum epratole .
ad Johannem Reuchlin, a collection of missives intended to illustrate the support which that great scholar enjoyed among the illustrious men of the time, and to the poem Triumphus Doctoris Rcuchlini, the authorship of which has been attributed in part to Ulrich von Hutten. The first part of the Epistoke appeared in 1514 under the title Epistohe obscurorum viroru.m ad roenerabilem virum Magistrum (?rtuinum Gratium, and comprised forty-one letters which were increased by seven in the third edition, published in 1516. The second part appeared in 1517 under a slightly altered title and contained sixty-two letters, to which eight supplementary letters were added in a second edition. In 1689 both parts were published in an amplified form but the added material possesses no inner connection with the original work. Ortuinus Gratius, to whom the greater number of the letters are addressed, was professor of belles-lettres and philosophy in Cologne after 1506. Devoting his considerable humanistic learning to the service of scholasticism, he drew upon himself the hatred and contempt of the advocates of the new learning, and was characterized by Luther as a " wretched poetaster and a ravening wolf, if not indeed a crocodile." Among the alleged writers of the IV.-11
letters occur a few names of actual personalities, such as Jakob Hochetraten and Arnold von Tongern, but the great majority like 8chaffamulius, Mistladerius, etc., are obviously comic fictions. In form no less than in contents, the EPistoke are a burlesque of the scholastic literature. The debased Latinity of the theologians is cleverly imitated and their ignorance of and contempt for the ancient learning are contrasted with their firm conviction of their own erudition and mental acuteness. Assuming to be puzzled by the most absurd problems of scholarship and theology, the writers address themselves to Ortuinus for a resolution of their doubts. The moral degradation of the clergy is painted at the same time with a broadness of humor that is undeniably contrary to the taste of a more advanced age. References to the dispute between Reuchlin and the Dominicans are to be found in all the letters, and in the second part the first rumblings of the approaching storm of the Reformation may be heard.
In spite of the similarity between the two parts of the Epestolm, the first may be characterized as showing a more restrained fancy and mode of ex pression and a less evident desire to indulge in satire for the mere joy of destruction. The letters have been assigned, therefore, a double, and, pos sibly, a triple authorship. The author of the greater number of letters in the first part and the one who conceived the idea of the work was Johann Jiiger (called Crotus Rubeanus), who, born at Dornheim in 1480, was educated by the Domini cans, became professor of theology at Cologne in 1506, and rector of the university of Erfurt in 1520. The chief writer of the second part was probably Ulrich von Hutten. To Hutten the work had been attributed from the beginning, but, whereas he indirectly confessed to the authorship of the Carmen rythmicale in the second part, he expressly denied all responsibility for the first. The persons attacked in the EptstAlte obtained a papal brief against the authors, publishers, and possessors of the book, and carried on a vigorous polemic against the work. It was a Defensio by Pfefferkorn that gave occasion to the writing of the second part. (FERDINAND COHR$.)BIBLTOIIRAPHY: The edition which displaces all others is by E. Becking, 2 vole., Leipaic, 1884-70, containing teat, indexes and commentary; German trawl. by M. Binder, Stuttgart, 1876, Eag. travel., London, 1909. Consult D. F. Strauss, Ulrich van Hutten, pp. 178-211, ib. 1871, Eng travel., London, 1874.
EPONYM: The personage assumed in folk-lore and early history as the ancestor of a clan or race or as the founder of a state or city. The term is a loan-word (Gk, eponymoa, " given as a name "), and is much used in modern investigations into the origins of society. It embodies concisely the results of those investigations so far as they involve that the alleged ancestors or founders were fictitious creations formed in the late mythopeic period in response to inquiry into beginning by the peoples concerned. Thus its use implies that when it was forgotten what were the origins of the Ionians, Eolians, and Acheans, of the Italian peoples and of Rome, Ion, 1Folus and Achseus, Italus and Romulus were put forward to account