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EvIsoopus THE NEW SCHAFP'-HERZOG 180 Eponym Con f easio, and various attacks by Trigland and others received his immediate attention. With no less zeal and success he defended the Protestant faith against the doctrines and practise of the Roman Catholics. In all his writings Episcopiua maintains that theology is not a speculative but a practical science and that every conception of faith is without value when application fails in religious and moral life. But it moat be granted that his opponents had some reason to question his orthodoxy. Not only did he combat the Calvinistic doctrine of predestina tion, but in his explanation of the dogmas about the divinity of Christ, the Trinity, and original sin, he deviated from the doctrine of the Reformed Church. None the less his endeavor to free theo logical science from ecclesiastical constraint broke the way for its independent development. He was one of the greatest theologians of his age and was generally esteemed for his amiable character. H. C. RoaoEt. BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. a Limboroh, HurtorFa oitm sancti Epis copii., Amsterdam, 1701; J. Konynenburg, Loffrode S. Epiacopiue, ib. 1791: J. M. 9chrack, LebenebwAreibuno non lxrrihmten (islehrkn, ii. 182-194, Loipei0. 1790; F. Calder, Memoirs of 8. Epiempiua, London, 1835; H. C. Rogge, Bibliot>resk remous(rantxhe peachriftsn, Pp. x8-17, Amsterdam, 1883. EPISCOPUS Ilk PARTIBUS INFIDELIUM. See BISHOP, TITITLAS. EPISTLE: I. The Epistles of the New Testa ment: Weatc:.tt and Hort's Greek New Testa ment has 531 pages of text, of which slightly over one-third is taken up by the Epistles. Importance This is a striking fact, showing that and Sig- the epistolary element is a significant nificance. part of Holy Scripture and decisive for the study of the nature and mean ing of revelation and iaspiration. Since the New Testament reflects the history and mental perspec tive of the Christian consciousness out of which it came, it is also certain that letterwriting played a large part in the building and development of the Apostolic Church. Other facts found in or near the Apostolic Age have similar bearing. The letters to the churches in the Apocalypse of John (chaps. ii. and iii.) are strong evidence. Their existence as an organic part of an apocalypse is, in itself, notable. Chris tianity took the apocalypse from the Jews. For two centuries it had been in constant use and, like all abiding literary types, had created for itself a traditional mold. The prophetic consciousness of the new religion boldly altered and adapted it. The New Testament apocalyptiat takes the letter as a part of his method. His letters are something more than a form; each had a definite address and, like a real letter, takes color from actual and local conditions. This original element in the Christian Apocalypse proves that letter-writing had already played a considerable part in the making of the new religion's fortune; otherwise, the apocalypt ist would not have made this use of the epistolary form. The First Epistle of Clement (95 A.D.?) Shows a Christian congregation manifesting a lively interest in the affairs of another. Evidently, coreeepond-

sate was the means whereby the new religion both expressed and intensified its deep common consciousness. The Shepherd of Herman (100-140 A.D.?) enjoins Clement, the head of the Roman congregation, to send the prophet's outgivings to the other churches. Thus it is evident that the letter satisfied a deep need of primitive Christianity. Religions differ in their power to create a high and sustained common consciousness. It was because the religion of Jesus excelled at this point all competing religions which invaded the Roman Empire in the same period that it eventually conquered. Therefore, the large apace within the Scripture canon occupied by the Epistles illumines the history of the Apostolic Church and the nature of the Christian religion.

The Apostolic letters were in large part written before 70 A.D., while three at least of the Gospels were published after that date. Here, again, is a fact significant for the interior history of the Apostolic Church. The publication of the Gospels corresponds to the need which impels a nation to publish and codify its organic law. The building of the Apoetolikon (the Epistles) accompanies the founding and building of the Catholic Church, while the publishing of the Gospels indicates the deepening self-consciousness of the Church.

In the founding of the Catholic Church St. Paul played the leading part. It was his ambition as a missionary to evangelize the empire. In the pur seance of that splendid aim he planted churches

widely scattered over Asia Minor and The Greece, the care of which was on his Epistles heart night sod day (II Cor. xi. 28). of Paul Consequently through letters and the

disciples who served him as letter carriers (Timothy, Epaphroditus, Sylvanus, and others) he kept himself in touch with these outposts and sought to shape their development. It is easy, then, to understand why the Pauline letters constitute the main part of the New Tester went Epistles. In the first plane they occupy a large part of the space within the canon. Of the 183 pages given to the Epistles in Weatcott and Hort'a Greek New Testament, St. Paul fills 127 In the second place, the Pauline letters are the only real letters in' the New Testament. The Catholic Epistles are largely homilies; the Epistle to the Hebrews is a theological treatise, with a small personal element (xiii. 23-25); but the Pauline letters are in large part real letters. The apostle was informed regarding conditions in his churches, and his letters go to the heart of specific problems and needs.

St. Paul used the letter as he used the Greek language, with masterly freedom. His salutation is a distinct literary evolution. Compare it with the salutation of James, which is cast in the lit-, erary mold of his time. Paul builds up a salutation which becomes an apologetic and doctrinal instrument (Gal, i. 1-5; Rom. i. 1-7). His eager, creative mind reaches forward to his conclusion and greets his correspondents with it.

St. Paul's letters are, in a sense, an autobiography. In them he expresses himself with great freshness, surrendering himself to the matter in hand, taking