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was forbidden. Diderot, however, made his plans to continue privately to prepare the remaining volumes. D'Alembert withdrew, but Diderot toiled on and completed the work (28 vole., Paris, 1751-72). Andrrz Franqoia Lebreton acquired a large interestin the undertaking and all the contributions were set up as they were written, but when Diderot had corrected the last proof, Lebreton and his foreman, without informing his partners, secretly cut out such parts from each article as he thought too radical or likely to give offense. In this way many of the best articles were mutilated, and to prevent the restoration of the eliminated matter, Lebreton burned the original manuscripts. Subsequently a supplement was published (5 vole., Amsterdam [Paris], 1776-77), also an index (2 vole., 1780).

The Encyclopgdie was at once a repository of information and a polemical arsenal. It was an idea of the editors that if civilization should be entirely destroyed, mankind might turn to their volumes to learn to reconstruct it. No other collection of general information so large and so useful was then in existence. Yet mere learning was not what lay nearest to the hearts of Diderot and his fellows; they prided themselves even more on the firm and bold philosophy of some of the writers. The metaphysics is founded chiefly on Locks, who " may be said to have created metaphysics as Newton created physics," by reducing the science to " what in fact it should be, the experimental physics of the soul." Beyond this there is little unity of opinion, though the same spirit rules throughout. It includes a prejudice in favor of democracy, as the ideal form of government, and the worship of theoretical equality, but contempt for the populace, "which discerns nothing"; the reduction of religion to sentiments of morality and benevolence, and great dislike for its ministers, especially the religious orders. By its generous professions of philosophic tolerance, and apparent acquiescence in what for the moment it was too weak to overpower, the philosophic school won a hearing for doctrines which were essentially subversive of the established order of things in both Church and State, and prepared the way for overt revolution. See DEISM, II.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. de La Ports, Esprit de d'encyclop6die, Paris, 1768; F. M. A. de Voltaire, Questions our d'encgedop6die, ib. 1770; w. Van biildert, View of the Rise and Progress of Infidelity, i. 378, Oxford, 1839; C. Bartholmeae, Hilt, critique lea doctrines redipieuaea madernea, Strasburg, 1855; C. A. Sainte Beuve, Portraits lighraires, 3 vole., Paris, 1855; A. 6. Farrar, Critical Hint. of Free Thought, pp . 18B-178, London, 1862; E. Faguet, Le Dix-huitidme S ipcde, Paris, 1890. Consult also the literature given under DIDEROT, DExie.

ing to Ireland he established himself on Inishmore, where Ciaran of Clonmacnoiae, Brendan, Finnian of Moville, Columba, and other famous abbots and bishops were among his pupils. So many resorted to the island that it received the name of Aran of the Saints. It is still full of highly interesting remains of both pagan and early Christian times.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Lanigan, Ecd. Hiat., i. 398-400; J. Healy, Inauda aanctorum, pp. 163-187, Dublin, 1890.

ENDERS, ERNST LUDWIG: German Lutheran; b. at Frankfort Dec. 27, 1833. He studied in Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Tiibingen (1852-55), and since 1865 has been pastor at Oberrad nearly opposite to Frankfort. He prepared the second Erlangen edition of Luther's works (25 vole., Frankfort, 1862--84), and edited Luther and Emser, ihre Streitschriften aus dem Jahre 16,1 (2 vole., Halls, 1891); Aua dem Ifampfe der Schwarmer gegen Luther, drei Flugschriften (1894); and Johann Eberlin von Gunzberg, ausgewalalte Schriften (2 vole., 1896-1900). He is a collaborator on the complete edition of Luther's works in course of preparation by J. K. Irmischer, C. S. T. Elsperger, and H. Schmidt, to which he has contributed Dr. Martin Lathers Brie f toechsel (2 vole., covering the period from May, 1534, to July, 1538; Calw, 1903).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. J. R,ehtmeyer, Braunschweig KircherHistoric, iv. 417 eqq., 472 aqq., Brunswick, 1715; G. Arnold, Kitchen- and Ketzer-Historic, iii. 217 eqq., Frankfort, 1729; w. Beats, in ZHT, 1844, pp. 122.