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Encyclopedia Engelbreoht THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

them, while in the history of dogma Biblical science can not maintain itself as a separate entity over against church history and as a dogmatic fact. The history of Christianity involves the connection of the external and the internal, the latter the facts of Church life.

In countries other than Germany the development of the encyclopedia of theology rune nearly parallel with the German. In Holland the two conflicting tendencies are the Reformed and the historical schools, with a " mediating theology " between. Representative of these are for the Reformed A. Kuyper (Encyklopedie der heilige godgeleerdheid, 3 vole., Amsterdam, 1894); for the historical school J. T. Doedea (EncykloPedie der

christelijke theologie, Utrecht, 1876); 8. Develop- and for the mediating school J. Cla-

ment rinse (Encyelopmdice theologicce epitome, outside Leyden, 1832) and H. de Grout and Germany. L. G. Pareau (Encyclopcedia theologi,. Christiani, 3d ed., Utrecht, 1851). In England the historical school is represented by the Unitarian J. Drummond (Introduction to the Study of Theology, London, 1884), the Evangelical by A. Cave (An Introduction to Theology, its Principles, its Branches, its Results, and its Litera ture, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1896). In America the mediating school is represented by P. Schaff (Theo logical Prop4Tdeutic, a general Introduction to the .Shiny of Theology . · . , New York, 1893), whose results are not unlike those of Hagenbach. France is represented by H. G. Kienlen (Encyclop6die . . . de la theologie ehretienne, Strasburg, 1845) and E. Martin (Introduction d l'etude de is theologie protestante, Geneva, 1883). Schleiermacher has found a follower in Sweden in Reuterdahl, whose work was published 1837. Hagenbach's work was reproduced in Hungary by Imre Rwdsz (1857) and practically reproduced in America by G. K. Crooks and J. F. Hurst (New York, 2d ed., 1894).

The Roman Catholic Church, while not unmoved by the movements of Humanism and the Reformation, was yet not driven from the methods of scholasticism, and its development of theological encyclopedia was in the direction of polemic and apologetics (N. J. Laforet's Diasertatio historicodogmatica de methbdo theoloy£ce sive de authorilate ecclesice catholic(e tanquam reg2tla ftdei christiante, Louvain, 1849). The key-note was struck by Melchior Cano (De locis theologicis, Louvain, 1564),

taking the Scriptures and tradition g. In the as the starting-point. The Jesuit

Roman Posaevinus (Bibliotheea selects de Catholic rations studiorum, Rome, 1593) fol- Church. lowed a revived scholasticism. Much

material was furnished by the work of the Benedictines in patristics, and J. Mabillon produced an encyclopedic work in his De stttdiis monasticis (Venice, 1705). E. Du Pin's Methode pour etttdier la theologie (Paris, 1716, 1768, often translated) exhibited something of the breadth of Gallicanism, though the influence of the Jesuits did much to restrain this tendency. The work of P. Annato (Apparatus ad Positivam theologiam methodicus, 2 vole., Paris, 1700, 7th ed., 1744), exhibiting a tendency toward agreement with

Protestantism, was put on the Index. Under the stimulus of Protestant work after the middle of the eighteenth century a host of books by Roman Catholics appeared in Germany, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century, under the influence of the philosophy of Schelling, Baader, and Gunther there were contributions by J. S. Drey (1819), H. Klee (1832), F. A. Staudenmaier (1834, 1840), A. Gengler (1834), A. Buchner (1837), and A. von Sieger (1839). Under the influence of the new dogma of infallibility J. B. Wirthmuller produced his Encyklolvdidie der katholischert Theologie . (Landshut, 1873), and the scientific method was employed by H. Kihn (Freiburg, 1892). The former distinguishes between an Ideal- and a Real-Encyklopltdie, the latter includes under " formal " theology the " ideal" and the "instrumental," and under "material ". theology the departments of historical, doctrinal and ethical, and practical theology.

(G. HEINRICL)

BIHIiIOaaAPHr: Zyro, Verauch einer Revision der christdich theolopiachen Enebeklopsdie, in TSK, 1837, pp 880881; W. Grimm, in ZWT, 1882, pp. 1-28; M. KAhler, Wieeenacha ft der chriatdichen Lehre, pp. 1-42, Leipeic, 1893. All the later and best works mentioned is the text, such as Cave, Schaff, Kuyper, and I3agenbach, discuss the subject. An excellent handbook to Roman Catholic literature is D. GIs, Repertorium der katholisch-fheolopiachen Litteratur, Paderborn, 1895. Consult also: A. Dorner, Gnandriaa der Encyc7op5aiie der Theolopie, Berlin, 1901; L. Emery, Introduction h L'e~tudede la thEolopie protestante, pp. 1-55, Paris, 1904; E. D. Davies, Theological Encyclopedia, London, 1905.

ENCYCLOPEDISTS: The name usually applied to the group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous EncyclopEdie, or were in sympathy with its principles. The work was planned by Denis Diderot (q.v.), and was announced as a Dictionnaire raisonnE des sciences, den arts, et des m6tiera. The intention was to provide a complete alphabetical treatment of the whole field of human knowledge from the standpoint of the " Enlightenment " (q.v.). The contributors included s number of remarkable men. First in importance, acting with Diderot on equal terms, was D'Alembert. A large part of the work was done by the Chevalier de Jaucourt, a man of encyclopedic learning. Monteaquieu when he died in 1755 left behind an unfinished article on " Taste." Voltaire wrote some articles, and constantly advised on the development of the plan. Rousseau contributed articles on music, but ultimately quarreled with the editors, whose plan was so different from his. Turgot wrote on economic subjects, and in the latter part of the work Holler, the physiologist, and Condorcet were engaged.

The first volume appeared in 1751, the second in the following January, and immediately excited the antagonism of the Church and the conservatives. On Feb. 12, 1752, the two volumes were suppressed by the Council, as containing maxims contrary to royal authority and to religion. Further publication was suspended for eighteen months, but from 1753 to 17:57 it went on without interruption. After the seventh volume the forces of conservatism rallied to a fresh attack. The sale of the volumes already printed, as well se the printing of any more,