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adherence on the part of the clergy to the Augsburg Confession. In 1844 the six eastern provincial synods were convened and advocated the restoration of consistories in their ecclesiastical quality and the establishment of other synodical institutions. In 1846 at the instance of Prussia, conferences, represented by delegates from all the twentysix Protestant governments, were held (Berlin, Jan. 3), but they accomplished little except to serve as preludes for the Eisenach conferences (see EISENACH CONFERENCE).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. Eilere, Zur Beurteilunp lea Miniakriuma Eichhom, Berlin, 1849; O. Meier, in Preuasiuhe Jahr-

EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED: Biblical scholar; b. at DtSrrenzimmern (near KUnzelsau, 24 m. n.e. of Heilbronn) in the principality of Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Oct. 16, 1752; d. at G6ttingen June 14, 1827. His father was pastor at Diirrenzimmern. After preparatory studies in the town school at Weikersheim and the gymnasium at Heilbronn, he studied at GSttingen, 1770-74, under Michaelis, Walch, Miller, SchlSZer, and Heyne. He became rector of the gymnasium at Ohrdruff, near Goths, in 1774. The next year he was appointed ordinary professor of Oriental languages at Jena, In this period he published a number of treatises on the history and literature of the Orient, as well as of particular Mohammedan dominions. In the main, however, he devoted himself to the Biblical sciences. In the Repertoritcm fur biblische and morgenlandische Litteratur (Leipsic, 1777-86), edited by himself, he did much which was preliminary work to his Einleilung ins Alts Testament (3 vols., Leipsic, 1780-83). This work, which is distinguished alike by youthful enthusiasm, synoptical arrangement, comprehensive scholarship, and solid investigation, gained universal acceptance, and appeared in the fourth edition (5 vole., 1823-26). In it Eichhorn made Introduction a literary-historic science. A proof of the lively interest with which he pursued the study of Biblical literature is furnished by Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Littxratur (10 vole., Leipsic, 1787-1803).

In 1788 he went to G&ttingen as ordinary professor of philosophy; and here he exhibited until shortly before his death an exceedingly diversified activity, combined with rare powers of labor and indefatigable industry. His numerous lectures embraced not only the Biblical sciences, but also the history and literary life of ancient and modern times. At the same time he embodied the material I V. 7

of his lectures in extensive works issued in rapid succession (cf. Hauck-Herzog, RE, v. 235 for list of his historical works). Nevertheless, the principal part of his activity was directed to Biblical science. Of his additional theological writings may be mentioned: Commentariua in Aloocalypsin Joannis (2 vole., Gottingen, 1791); Einleitung in die apokr^gphischen Schr4,ften des Alters Testaments (Leipsie, 1795); Einleitung in das New Testament (2 vole., Leipeic, 1804-12), containing detailed researches with reference to the origin of the Gospels; Die hebrdischen Propheten (3 vole., Giittingen, 181fr19); and a metrical translation of the Book of Job (Leipaic, 1800; 2d ed., 1824). His lectures in the Gdttingen Society of Sciences are also noteworthy. After Heyne's death (1812) he edited the Gottinger gelehrten Anzeigen, for which he wrote many literary notices.

The verdict upon Eichhorn and his works became less favorable not long after his death; his historical writings, which were really mere' sketches, were found wanting in thorough investigation and painstaking conscientiousness. Still more sharply were his theological works censured, because the more accurate knowledge of the characteristics of this or that particular composition was lacking; and his research was not sufficiently free .from prejudice. It may likewise be said against his exegesis that it neglected the psychologic element, and frequently explained away the profound content of the Biblical records by means of so called " natural " elucidation. His merit remains, however, in the fact that he not only vindicated the Bible against the ridicule of its enemies, but that far and wide he awakened love for the Biblical writings, especially the Old-Testament Scriptures, and the zeal to examine them carefully.

CARL BERTHEAU.

BIBLIOGRAPHY- F. Saalfeld, Geechichte der Ilniveraitltt G6ttinpen, pp. 332 eqq., Hanover, 1820; H. Doering, Die yelehrfsn Theolopen Deuteehlande, i. 356 eqq., Neustadt, 1831; H. Ewald, Jahrbildeer der Gibliachen Wiaeenechaft, i. 28 sqq., Gdttingen, 1849; t1DB, v. 731 eqq.; C. H. H. Wright, Introduction to O. T., London, 1890; C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture, psaeim, New York, 1899.

EICHHORft, KARL FRIEDRICH: German jurist; son of Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, b. at Jena Nov' 20, 1781; d. at Cologne July 5, 1854. He studied law at Giittingen, Wetzlar and Vienna. In 1803 he commenced his academic activity at Gottingen, was appointed professor of law at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1805, and was called in 1811 to Berlin. He served in the war of 1813, and four years later, at the wish of his father, accepted 8 call to Gottingen. He retired on account of illhealth~ in 1829, but in 1831 returned to Berlin, lectured for a year, then devoted his time partly to his high offices in civil administration, and partly to literary pursuits. He withdrew entirely from public life in 1847, and, after residing four years on his estate at Ammern (near Tiibingen), removed to Cologne, where he spent the remainder of his life. Eichhorn was regarded as the foremost of the historical school of German jurists, and wrote a number of legal works which still take high rank. In the domain of canon law he wrote Grundsatze des Kirehenrechts der katholisehen and der evange-