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(5 m. n. of Oxford) c.1003; d. at Westminster, London, Jan. 5, 1066. He was a son of Ethelred the Unready (king 979-1016) and nephew of Edward the Martyr (see DUNaTAN, Snurr). As a child he was sent to Normandy, his mother's country, and there he was brought up and lived, while the Danes, Canute and his sons, ruled England (1016-42). The desire of the English to restore the kings of their own race made Edward the general choice to succeed Hardicanute in 1042, and he was crowned at Winchester on Easter day, Apr. 3, 1043. As king the best that can be said for him is that he meant well; he was indolent and willingly left royal duties to others. The great earls really ruled England and their jealousies and intrigues were productive of disorder. Edward preferred his Norman friends to Englishmen and appointed his favorites in Church and State. The Normans, however, were superior to the English in arts and learning, and one result was a closer connection between the English Church and continental Christendom. English representatives appeared at papal synods and visited Rome (1050). Simony was scandalously prevalent. Edward gave much to monasteries. Between 1051 and 1061 he rebuilt the monastery of Thorney (Westminster), west of London and near his palace, and then he erected a new church, which was the first church in England of the Norman Romanesque style, and became the king's burial-place nine days after its consecration. Miracles were soon believed to be wrought at the tomb; and a mass of legend gathered about Edward's name, attributing to him visions and gifts of healing even before he became king. He was canonized by Alexander III. in 1161.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources: The Vita by Alred or Erred (d. 1166) with other material and prefatory comment is in ASB, Jan., i. 290-304, and part of this is in MPL, cacv, 737-790; the Lives of Edward the Confessor, ed. H. R. Luard for the Rolls Series, no. 3, London, 1858, contains several works of primary importance; other material may be found in Chronicles o/ the Reigns of Edward 1, and IL, ed. W. Stubbs for the Rolls Series, no. 78, 2 vole., ib. 1882-83; and Matthew of Paris, Chronica majors, ed. H. R. Luard for Rolls Series, no. 57, vol. i., ib. 1872. The beet modern book is E. A. Freeman, Hilt. of the Norman Conquest, vol. ii., Oxford, 1879. Further material is in Lyfe of Saynt Eduardo, London, 1533; J. Porter, Life of St. Edward, King and Confessor, ib. 1710; J. R. Green, The Conquest of England, 760-1071, 2 vole., ib. 1889; F. Liebermann, Ueber die lepea Edwardi Conteaeorfia, Halls, 1896; J. H. Ramsay, The Foundations of England .... B.C. ti6A.D. 1164, 2 vole., London, 1898; W. Hunt, The English Church . . . (699'-1066), ib. 1899; DNB, xvii. 7-14; and, in general, the works on the history of the period.

EDWpRDS,ALFRED GEORGE: Church of England bishop of St. Asaph; b. at Llanymowddwy (38 m. w. of Shrewsbury), Wales, Nov. 2, 1848. He studied at Jesus College, Oxford (B.A., 1874), and was ordained priest in 1875. He was curate of Llandingat, warden and headmaster of the college of Llandovery 187b-85, and vicar and rural dean of Carmarthen, as well as chaplain and private secretary to the bishop of St. Davids, 1885-89. In 1889 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph. He was select preacher to the University of Cambridge in 1891 and to the University of Oxford in 1895-96.

EDWARDS, BELA BATES: American theologian; b. at Southampton, Mass., July 4, 1802;

d. at Athens, Ga., Apr. 20,1852. He wsa graduated at Amherst in 1824 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1830. From 1828 to 1833 he was assistant secretary of the American Education Society. In 1837 he was ordained and appointed professor of Hebrew in Andover Theological Seminary, succeeding Mmes Stuart as professor of Biblical literature eleven years later. In 1846, in consequence of enfeebled health, he made an extended tour of Europe, visiting England, France, Germany, and Italy; and five years later he was again compelled to absent himself from Andover, and spend the winter in the South. Edwards originated and planned many philanthropic- institutions, among others, that which has resulted in the Congregational Library at Boston. He was likewise active in editorial work, and in 1833 established The American Quarterly Obwuer, took the sole care of it for three years, and then merged it with The American Biblical Repository, which he edited from 1835 to 1838. In 1844, together with E. A. Park, he established the Bibliotheca Sacra, and remained its editor-in-chief until 1852. Mainly through his influence The Biblical Repository, then published in New York, was merged with the Bibliotheca Sacra in 1851. To all these periodicals he contributed numerous articles and reviews. In addition to several educational books, he wrote The Missionary Gazetteer (Boston, 1832), and The Biography of Self-Taught Men (1832), besides editing the Memoir of Henry Martyrs (1831). A selection of his sermons and addresses was published with a memoir of the author by E. A. Park (2 vole., Boston, 1853).

sult: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, ii. 73b-743, New York, 1859; L. Woods, History of Andover Theological Seminary, Boston. 1884.

EDWARDS, JOHN: English Calvinist; b. at Hertford Feb. 26, 1637; d. at Cambridge Apr. 16, 1716. He studied at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1657, M.A., 1661, D.D., 1699). In 1664 he took charge of Trinity Church, Cambridge, but a few years later had to give up his work on account of his Calvinistic views. After having had several charges elsewhere he retired from the ministry in 1687, to devote himself to authorship, and returned to Cambridge in 1697, apparently for the use of the library. Though overestimated by his contemporaries, some of them calling him the St. Paul, or the St. Augustine, or the Calvin of his age, still he deserves high rank as a Calvinist theologian. Of the forty or more works that he published may be mentioned The Socinidn Creed (London, 1697); The Preacher (3 vole., 1705-07); Theologila reformats (2 vole., 1713).

EDWARDS, JONATHAN (THE ELDER): The founder of the New England theology as a distinct type of doctrine, considered by many the greatest theologian America has produced; b. at Windsor

Farms (now East Windsor), Conn., Oct.