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tion of the language has survived, but the tongue probably differed only dialectically from Hebrew.

Apait from the early Biblical references (lien. xxxvi. 35, which credits the Edomitea with a victory over the Midianitea), the region and its

Period. (ut sup.) who were allowed to pasture their flocks near the Egyptian frontier, and a papyrus states that the Shasu of Sa'aira (Seir) were defeated in battle (c. 1200). Gen. xxxii. 4, xxxvi. 8 asserts that Esau took up his abode on Mount Seir. The story of the Exodus makes Israel encompass the Edomitic territory, permission being refused to pass directly through the region. The next contact of the two peoples appears in the campaign of Saul against them (I Sam. xiv. 47), which appears to have had no permanent results, as David was in conflict with them probably in the valley south of the Dead Sea (II Sam. viii. 13-14; cf. I Kings xi. 15-16; I Chron. xviii. 11-13), and Joab is said to have extirpated the males in this campaign of half a year. At this time probably was laid the beginning of that intense enmity between the peoples which lasted till the time of Herod the Greet. One of the royal house escaped either to Egypt (Heb. Mizraim) or to the North Arabian Muxri (see ABaYRIA, VI, §2), where he married and his r3on Genubath was brought up, and then proved a thorn in the side of Solomon (I Kings xi. 14-22, 25b, where read 'Edham instead of 'Aram, " Syrians "). The tatter's command of the Gulf of Akaba, involving control of the roads leading thither, shows that the Edomitic territory was under Hebrew dominion (I Kings ix. 26-28). After the division of the kingdom Edom fell to the portion of Judah, and in the time of Jehoahaphat (c. 850) must still have been subject to Judah (II Kings iii.), since the king of Judah was in control of Ezion-geber (I Kings xxii. 48); it is also stated (ver. 47) that the ruler of Edom at the time was a " deputy " (cf. II Kings iii. 9. 10, 12, 26, where the ruler is called king). In the campaign of Jehoram and Jehoshaphat against Moab the Edomites furnished part of the allied forces, almost certainly as a tributary people. In the reign of Jehoshaphat's son Joram they revolted, with at least partial success (II Kings viii. 20-22; II Chron, xxi. 8-10). Amaziah inflicted a severe defeat (c. 790), capturing Selah (II Kings xiv. 7; II Chron. xxv. 11), and Amaziah's successor Uzziah was in possession of Elath, one of the ports on the Gulf of Akabah (II Kings xiv. 22; II Chron. xxvi. 2, 7). Later the Edomitea seem to have been allies of the Syrians (II Kings xvi. 6), and were active against Judah (II Chron. xxviii. 17).

They figure in the cuneiform inscriptions about 734-732 as tributary to Assyria under their king Kauamalik. In 711 Edom was a member of the great western coalition against Sargon, but rendered tribute to the great conqueror. They were also in the confederation of 701 led by Hezekiah, but the Edomitic king Malik-ralnxnu submitted and paid tribute. Kausgabri, king of Edom, was one of the princes subject to Eaarhaddon (681-668) and to Aashurbanipal (668-626). Edomitic representatives

were among those who consulted at Jerusalem, evidently with the idea of resisting the approach of Nebuchadrezzar (Jer. xxvii. 3). The Deuteronomic representation implies friendly relations about 625 (Deut. ii. 4-5, xxiii.8). On the capture of Jerusalem Judean fugitives found refuge in Edom (Jer. xl. 11). Yet at that period the long hostility between the two peoples found vent in Edomitic rejoicing which raised new bitterness in the Hebrew mind (Lam. iv. 21-22; Ezek. xxxv. 3-15; Obad. 10-16). Edomites seized the territory of southern Judah, including the region about Hebron, to which the name of Idumea was given, bearing witness to the fact. A contributing cause for this northward movement was doubtless the pressure exerted upon Edom by the Nabataean wave of migration from Arabia (see ARABIA, III). There is reason to believe that the Edomites maintained their hold upon the district and even advanced to the neighborhood of Jerusalem, where they appear to have been just before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, after which the strength of the Jews probably restricted them to the south. Judas the Maccabee fought them (I Mace. v. 3, 65) and finally drove them from Jewish territory. John Hyrcanus carried operations into their own country, conquered them, and compelled them (c. 109) to adopt Jewish rites and religion (Josephus, Ant., XIII. ix. 1, XV. vii. 9; War, I. ii. 6, III. iii. 5), Idumea becoming fully recognized as Jewish territory. There is reason to believe that they were amalgamated with the Jews, lost their national identity, and added one more strain to the muchmixed blood of the Jews. The people of South Judah not only gave the dynasty of Herod (see HEROD AND HIS FAMILY), but took part in the final revolt of the Jews against the Romans, and suffered with them in the catastrophe. GEO. W. GILMORE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. Buhl, Geechichte der Edomiter, Leipaie. 1893; W. Libbey and F. E. Hoskins, The Jordan Valley and P etra, New York, 1905; Schrader, IfAT, i. passim; F. Baethgen, BeiCrttpe sur semitischen ReLipionspeachicAte, pp. 10 sqq., Berlin, 1889; E. H. Palmer, Desert of the Exodus, 429 sqq., Cambridge, 1871; E. Hull, Mount S eir, etc., pp. 85 sqq., London, 1885; J. F. McCurdy, History. Prophecy and the Monuments, 3 vole., New York, 1894, 1898; E. Meyer, Entatebung lea Judcnhama, pp. 114 sqq., Halls, 1898; E. Robinson, Researches, ii. 117 eqq., 168 sqq., London, 1841-43; A. Muail, Arabia Petrma, ii., Edons. Vienna, 1908.

EDSALL, SAMUEL COOK: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Minnesota; b, at Dixon, Ill., Mar. 4, 1860. He studied at Racine College (B.A., 1882) and practised law until 1888, when he was graduated from the Western Theological Seminary, Chicago. In 1889 he founded St, Peter's, Chicago, of which he was rector until 1899, when he was consecrated missionary bishop of North Dakota. In 1901 he was translated to Minnesota as coadjutor to Bishop H. B. Whipple, and within the year, on the death of the aged bishop, assumed full control of the diocese.

EDUCATION: See THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION; also the articles on the various countries for the relations of Church and State and popular education. For education among the Hebrews, see FAMILY AND MARRIAGE RELATIONS, HEBREW, § 15.

EDWARD (EADWARD), SAINT, THE CONFESSOR: King of England 1042-66; b. at Islip