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19 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Dudith Du Fresno Christian work as well as for Indian customs. With growing knowledge of India Duff made his influence felt in every social movement, and ulti mately as editor of the Calcutta Review he was one of the chief unofficial factors in politics and ad ministration, his advice being listened to with re spect both by the authorities in India and commis sions at home. Returning to Scotland in ill health in 1834, Duff made a tour of the country and much increased the interest in his mission, though met by apathy at first. His addresses in the General Assembly were truly eloquent, and he was felt to be the equal of Chalmers. Attempts were made to keep him in Scotland, but he returned to India and prosecuted his work there. At the disruption of the Scottish Church in 1843, like all other missionaries, he threw in his lot with the Free Church. As the property of the mission belonged legally to the Establish ment, Duff was stripped of everything, but friends rallied to his support with the result that the efficiency of the work was immediately doubled. The storms that were stirred up by the conversions which took place from time to time were safely weathered, and the college still remains one of the leading educational institutions of India. At the General Assemblies of the Established and the United Free Churches of Scotland held in May, 1907, steps were taken to unite the two missionary colleges founded in Calcutta by Dr. Duff. The happy consummation of this union in the foreign field is being hailed as the first step toward the final re union of Scottish Presbyterianism. In 1850 Duff again returned home, and sought to rouse the Free Church to new and more energetic efforts in the cause of missions. He was called in 1851 to the chair of the General Assembly. He also visited America in 1854, under the auspices of Mr. George H. Stuart, of Philadelphia, and made a deep impression both in Canada and the United States. He went back to India, and continued his labors for some years; but, his health failing, he returred permanently to Scotland in 1864. Appointed convener of the' Foreign Missions Committee, he had the chief management of the foreign work of the Free Church and has left his mark on its busi ness details. He showed his catholicity by the deep interest he took in South African missions, and especially by the share he had in organizing the Livingstonia mission on Lake Nyasa&. In 1867 he was appointed first professor of Evangelistic theology in the Free Church. Dr. Duff took an active interest in many im portant movements of the home Church. He was an active promoter of the proposed union of the Free, United Presbyterian, Reformed Presbyterian, and English Presbyterian churches, which, how ever, fell through. He was moderator a second time in 1873. To the end his advice and counte nance were sought alike by Indian statesmen and by all manner of religious societies in England as welt as Scotland. His principal publications related to the India mission. (R. W. STEWART) THODIAS M. LINDSAY. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consult the biographies of George Smith, London, 1899; J. Marrat, in Too Standard Bearers in the
East, ib. 1882; Thomas Smith, in Men Worth Remembering, ib. 1883. Further: Lai Behari Day, Recollections of A. Duff, ib. 1879; W. P. Duff, Memorials o/ Alexander Duff, ib. 1890 (by his son).
DUFF, ARCHIBALD: English Congregationalist; b. at Fraserburgh (37 m. n. of Aberdeen), Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Sept. 26, 1845. He studied at McGill University, Montreal (B.A., 1864), Andover Theological Seminary (B.D., 1872), and the universities of Halls (1872-74) and Giittingen (1874-75). He was head master of Dunham Academy, Quebec, 1864-65, professor of mathematics in St. Francis College, Richmond, Quebec, 1865-67, and assistant master of the high-school at Montreal 1867-69. He was Biblical lecturer in the Congregational College, Montreal, 1875-76, temporary professor of Hebrew in McGill College, 1876-77, and mathematical lecturer in the same institution 1876-78. Since 1878 he has been professor of Old Testament theology in the United College (Congregational), Bradford, Yorkshire. He was chairman of the Yorkshire Congregational Union in 1893, and a city councilor of Bradford in 1904-06. In theology he is an exponent of the strict scientific and historical study of Hebrew religion and Christianity. He was coeditor of the Bibliotheca Sacra in 1874-94, and has written Old Testament Theology (2 vole., London, 1891-1900); Hebrew Grammar (1901); Hebrew Theology and Ethics (1902); First and Second Esdras, in The Temple Apocrypha (1903); and Abraham and the Patriarchal Age (1903).
DUFFIELD, GEORGE: Presbyterian; b. at Carlisle, Pa., Sept. 12, 1818; d. at Bloomfield, N. J., July 6, 1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1837, and at Union Theological Seminary in 1840. He held pastorates at Brooklyn, N. Y. (1840-47), Bloomfield, N. J. (1847-52), Philadelphia (18521861), Adrian, Mich. (1861-65), Galesburg, Ill. (18651869), and Saginaw City, Mich. (1869-74). He was then an Evangelist at Ann Arbor, Mich. (1874-77), and after a ministry at Lansing, Mich. (1877-80), retired from active service. He is best known as a writer of hymns, especially the familiar " Stand up, stand up for Jesus."
DUFFIELD, SAMUEL AUGUSTUS WILLOUGHBY: Presbyterian; b. in Brooklyn Sept. 23, 1843; d. at Bloomfield, N. J., May 12, 1887. He was graduated at Yale (1863), and in 1866 was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry. He held pastorates at the Tioga Street Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia (1867-70), Claremont Presbyterian Church, Jersey City, N. J. (1870-71), Ann Arbor. Mich. (1871-74), Eighth Church, Chicago (1874-76), Central Church, Auburn, N. Y. (1876-78), Second Church, Altoona, Pa. (1878-82), and Bloomfield, N. J. (1882-87). He translated a cento from the De contemptxt mundi of Bernard of Cluny under the title The Heavenly Laud (New York, 1867), and wrote English Hymns: Their Authors and History (1886) and Latin Hymn-Writers and their Hymns (1889; edited after the author's death by R. E. Thompson). He was the son of George Duffield, and likewise a hymn-writer.
DU FRESNE, dii fr6n. See Du CA>sra&