ZOSIMIUS, zes'i-mus: Pope 417-418. The Liber pontificalis makes Zosimus a Greek, while Harnack supposes from his father's name Abram that he was of Hebrew descent. He succeeded Innocent L, and is known for his participation in the Pelagian contro versy (see Pelagius and Pelagian Controversies) and for his attempts at the extension of the ,power of the Roman see. The latter came about through the matter of Appeals to the Pope (q.v.), an issue raised by his predecessor. Zosimus became involved through the fact that Bishop Urban of Sicca in Numidia had deposed a presbyter Apiarius, who ap pealed to Rome. But a general synod of Africans forbade this in 418, and the pope sent legates to deal with the general matter as well as to force Urban to retract. Zosimus' claims regarding ap peals were based on supposed canons of the Nicene Council, really of that of Sardica. No real progress was made, and the successors of Zosimus carried the matter further. Affairs in the Gallic Church also afforded Zosimus an opportunity to interfere. Patroclus of Arles wished to found a new primacy in South Gaul, which Zosimus approved; the pope also would put in Patroclus' hands the ordination of certain bishops of the province, sad gave him control of the For-

mate for Gallic clergy going to Rome. Zosimus declared certain ordinations by Proculus of Marseilles invalid, and also the pronouncements of a synod of Turin (401) which supported the contention of Proculus. The latter maintained himself, however, and Boniface I. allowed Patroclus' claims to fall.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ad. Momnwen in MGH, Gent. poet. Ron., i (1898), 91; Jaffé, Regesta, i. 49-61; J. Laagen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, i. 742-763, Bonn, 1881; L. Duchesne, Faetea l:piacopaux de 1'aneienne Goals, i. 93-110, Paris, 1894; Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 67-68, 2d ed., 1901; Martel, Con-ilia, iv. 345-376; Hefele; Contiliengeschichte, pp. 357-3b8, Fr. transl., i. 1, pp. 604-505, Eng. transl., ii. 128, 456 sqq., 462-464; Ceillier, Auteurs sacr6a, vii. 528-540, viii. 633-534, 569, ix. 455, 477, 484, 510, 635; Bower, Popes, i. 149-162; Platina, Popes, i. 96-99; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 179-195, 266, 287; KL, aii. 1988-89; DCB, iv. 1221-26 (elaborate).

ZSCHOKKE, chek'ke, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL: German-Swiss novelist, author of Stutcden der Andaeht; b. at Magdeburg Mar. 22,1771; d. on his estate called Blumenhalde, opposite the city of Aarau, Switzerland, June 27, 1848. He was early left an orphan, and when seventeen left school to accompany a company of strolling actors and to serve as playwright; in 1790 he prosecuted his studies at Frankfort, studying theology there, and then serving for six months as preacher at Magdeburg and afterward as pastor at St. Catherine's Church; next he became privet-docent for theology at Frankfort, meanwhile pursuing a wide range of reading in history, politics, finance, and forestry. He had already issued several publications, among them the drama Abdllino. His retirement from the university followed upon his opposition to a ministerial order and his expressed sympathy with the French Revolution, and he traveled widely,. at length, in 1795, taking up his residence in Switzerland, becoming in 1796 an instructor at Reiehenau in the Grisons. The victory of the Austrian party there in 1798 compelled the ardent lover of liberty to leave, and at Aarau he was welcomed and served his adopted country in literature and also in various civil posts. .In his literary works he had distinctly the purpose. of . contributing to the ethical and social uplift of the people, coining the maxim: The education of the people is the people's, liberation. He retained his interest in theology and religion, and noted the decadence resulting from the French Revolution and the Napoleonic regime. In order to counteract this he "published anonymously from 180$ to 1816 Stunden der Andacht, a religious but rationalistic journal, which had an immense success, and was brought together and published as a devotional collection ill 1816. It was twice translated into English, in whole or in part (Hours of Meditation and Devotional Reflection, London, 1843; and Handbook of Family Devotion, 1863). The secret of its authorship was preserved till 1842, when the author, in his autobiographic Selbstschuu, acknowledged its source. The work was violently assailed by the Roman Catholic clergy, and such Protestants as Tholuck denied its Christian character, the latter writing his "Hours of Devotion" to counteract its effects. While theologians decried it, the popular estimation of it was high; it met a great need in the world of laymen.

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Zschokke's works, consisting of novels, tales, dramas, and historical writings, were collected in 35 vols., Asrau, 1851-54. Some of these were several times translated into English, e.g., The Bravo of Venice, London, 1805, 1844, and often; his Pop ular History of Stvitzerland, or History of Switzerland, London, 1833, 1834; The Goldmaker's Pillage, London, 1845; and individual tales in various collections. Some of them went slab into most of the continental languages of Europe.

(W. Hadorn.)

Bibliography: Consult, besides the Sedbstsckau noted above, the biographies by O. Hunziker, Zurich, 1884; J. J. Bfibler, Aarau, 1884; in ADB, xlv. 449 sqq.; and in Schweizer Rundachau, 1891.