GOOD, JEREMIAH HAAK: Reformed; b. at Rehreraberg, Pa., Nov. 23, 1822; d. at Tiffin, 0., Jan. 25, 1888. He was educated at Marshall College, Meicersburg, Pa. (B.A., 1843) and Mercersburg Theological Seminary (1846). After two years as pastor at Lancaster, O., he became, 'in 1848, editor of The Western Missionary, of which he was also the founder, and from 1850 to 1869 was professor of mathematics in Heidelberg College; Tiffin, O. From 1869 until his death he was professor of systematic theology in the Reformed theological seminary in the same city. He was one of the prime movers in the founding of both these institutions. In the liturgical controversy in his denomination he was a leader, together with J. H. A. Bomberger (q.v.), against elaborate services; and he was likewise a member of the committee appointed to harmonize the differences within the Reformed Church, later becoming a member of the liturgical committee which completed the peace. Besides editing The Reformed Church Hymnal (Cleveland, O., 1878, and many later editions), he wrote The Heidelberg Catechism, Newly Arranged (Tiffin, 1879, and often), The Children's Catechism (1881 and often), PrayerBook and Aids to Private Devotion (1881), and The

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GRAF, KARL HEINRICH: German Protestant Old-Testament critic; b. at Mühlhausen (29 m. n.w. of Erfurt), Alsace, Feb. 28, 1815; d. at Meissen (15 m. n.w. of Dresden), Saxony, July 16, 1869. In 1833 he entered the University of Strasburg, where he came under the influence of E. G. E. Reuss (q.v.), in whose classes he received the first suggestions of the theory of the post-exilic origin of much of the legislation commonly ascribed to Moses, so that the fundamental position of the views associated with the names of A. Kuenen and J. Wellhausen (qq.v.) go back, through Graf, to Reuss. In 1836 Graf received the degree of candidate of theology, but at the close of his student life at Strasburg he accepted a post as private tutor in a family residing at Paris. In 1844 he became a teacher in a gymnasium at Leipsic, and also studied Arabic and Persian under H. L. Fleischer at the university of that city. From 1847 until his enforced retirement, on account of ill-health, in 1868 he was teacher of French and Hebrew in the gymnasium at Meissen, and after 1852 titular professor.

Besides translations of Sa'di's Gulistan and Bus tan (Leipsic, 1846; Jena, 1850), an edition of the latter work (Vienna, 1858), and Afrika (under the pseudonym "Karl Elsasaer," 2 vols., Zwickau, 1855-56), Graf wrote Der Segen Moses, Deut. 23 (Leipsic, 1857) and Der Prophet Jeremia erkllirt (1862), the first great commentary on this book. His chief fame, however, is due to his Die geschichtlichen Bücher des Alten Testaments (1866), although as a matter of fact it did little more than reproduce, with added proofs and illustrations, what Graf had learned from Reuss. Since this work contains the fundamental position of Old-Testament criticism, it would be fairer and more accurate to link these modern views on the Old Testament with the names of Reuss and Graf, though Wellhausen and especially Kuenen did much to correct, amplify, confirm, and illustrate what the older scholars taught. The work has two principal parts, the first of which is an examination of the historical books of the Old Testament from Genesis to II Kings. The conclusion reached is that the laws in Leviticus and the allied parts of Exodus and Numbers (or the legal section of the Priestly Code) constitute the latest parts of the Pentateuch and belong mostly to a time later than that of Ezra, though portions are ascribed to Ezra himself, and the remainder are but little older. The book of Deuteronomy is made the basis of the investigation, and the kernel of the Deuteronomic legislation is held to have come into being, as W. M. L. de Wette (q.v.) had taught, in the twenty-first year of the reign of Josiah. Graf then endeavors to distinguish (1) parts of the Pentateuch implied by D (e.g., the laws in Ex. xx.xxiii., xxxiv. 10-27, etc.) and (2) parts of the Pentateuch which imply D and which are, therefore, later. He maintained the older view, current till the time of H. Hupfeld (q.v.), that what is now known as P was included in E and ascribed to a period long before the exile. He acknowledged that the narrative and legal portions of what was known as the Grundschrift agreed in general style and matter, but this was attributed to imitation, not to identity of date and origin. Kuenen and Well-

hauaen soon showed that Graf's own investigation proved the whole of what is now known as P to be poet-Deuteronomic, and, in its present form, poet exilic.

T. Witton Davies.

Bibliography: %. Budde and H. 1. Holzmann, R. Reuss' Briefwechaei m%t Graf, Giessen, 1994; F. Bleek, E%nleituap do due Alto Testament, ed. J. wellhausen, 6th ed., Berlin, 1886, p. 619 sqq.; H. Holzinger, Einleituny in den Hesoteueh, i. 65 sqq., Freiburg, 1898.