WISE, JOHN: Congregationalist; baptized at Roxbury, Mass., Aug. 15, 1652; d. at Essex, Mass., Apr. 8, 1725. He was graduated from Harvard, 1673; studied theology, and in 1683 became pastor of Chebacco parish in Ipswich, now Essex, and so continued the rest of his life. In 1688 he was im prisoned in Boston jail, fined, and deprived of his ministerial office by Governor Andros because he had led the citizens of Ipswich in refusing to pay certain taxes which they declared had been arbi trarily imposed. The town paid his fine, and the next year sent him to Boston as its representative at the convention to reorganize the colonial govern ment. In 1710 he issued a satirical pamphlet, The Churches Quarrel Espoused (Boston, 3d ed., 1717), vigorously attacking "The Proposals of 1705," ad vocated by the Mathera and approved by many Massachusetts and Connecticut ministers, to give associations of ministers authority over individual churches. In 1717 he issued another pamphlet to the same intent, A Vindication of the Government of New England Churches. These tracts made a pro found impression and powerfully contributed to block the scheme. "They are certainly," says Walker, " the most able exposition of the demo cratic principles which modern Congregationalism has come to claim as its own that the eighteenth century produced " (Creeds and Platforms of Con gregationalism, p. 492). The two pamphlets were re printed with an introduction by J. S. Clark (Bos ton, 1860); and a portion of the second as Old South Leaflet No. 165 (Boston, 1908), with the title, The Law of Nature in Government.

Bibliography: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 188-189, New York, 1859; A. E. Dunning, Con pregationalista in America, pp. 197, 207, 218-219. 270, ib.

1894; W. Walker, Creeds and Platforms of ConOrepational

sam, pp. 470, 490-494, ib. 1893; idem, in American Church

History geries, iii. 209-212, 307, ib. 1894; F. F. Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Ipswich. 1905.

WISEMAN, NICHOLAS PATRICK STEPHEN: First Roman archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal; b. at Seville Aug. 2, 1802; d. at London Feb. 15,1865. His father, an Irish merchant who had settled in Spain, died in 1804, when the family returned to Ireland. The future cardinal studied at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw (near Durham), England, 1810-18, and then at the English College, Rome; and though he states that at St. Cuthbert's he was "dull and stupid, and never said a clever or witty thing," he was a diligent and good student, and in Rome his career was brilliant in scholarship. He received minor orders before leaving England, became doctor in divinity in Rome, 1824, and was ordained priest Mar., 1825. He assisted the Abbate Molza in the compilation of a Syriac grammar and lexicon and pursued independent studies in oriental languages, became vice-rector of the English College, Nov., 1827, was nominated professor supernumerary of Hebrew and Syro-Chaldaic in the archigymnasium of the Sapienza, Oct., 1828, and became rector of the English College the same year. In 1840 Pope Gregory XVI. appointed him coadjutor to Dr. Walsh, vicar-apostolic in England, and he was consecrated bishop of Melipotamus in partibus, and made president of St. Mary's College, Oscott (in Staffordshire, 4 m. n. of Birmingham). In 1847 he visited Rome, returning to England the next year as the pope's diplomatic envoy to Lord Palmerston. In 1849 he succeeded Walsh as vicarapostolic. On Sept. 29, 1850, Pius IX. issued an apostolic letter announcing the restoration of the hierarchy in .England, and by a brief at the same time he elevated Wiseman (who had been summoned to Rome) to the archbishopric of Westminster. He was created cardinal the next day with the title of St. Pudentiana. The news was not acceptable in England, and feeling ran so high that in 1851 parliament forbade Roman Catholics to assume the title of bishop in the country, but the law remained inoperative and was repealed in 1872. Wiseman possessed undoubted scholarly and intellectual abilities (his linguistic. attainments were remarkable), and he was gifted with a suave manner and, in general, with good judgment. By the end of his fourteen years' archiepiscopate he had in large measure lived down the prejudices and passion of its beginning; as he also ultimately overcame opposition which at times developed on the part of his bishops and others of his own communion. He won a high reputation as a preacher early in his career in Rome, and later, in England, he was much in demand as a speaker on literary, artistic, and social questions.

Besides sermons, pastoral letters, addresses, etc., he published: Horce Syriacce, seu commentationes et anecdota res vel litteras Syriacas spectantia (Rome, 1828); On the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion (2 vols., London, 1836), twelve lectures, dealing chiefly with geology, originally delivered in the drawing-room of Cardinal Thomas Weld in Rome during Lent, 1835; Twelve Lectures on the Principal Doctrines and Practices of the Roman Cath-

389

olic Church (1836), first delivered in the chapel of the Sardinian embassy in London; Eight Lectures on the Body and Blood of Our Lord in the Blessed Eucharist (1836); Four Lectures on the Ofces and Ceremonies of Holy Week as Performed in the Papal Chapel (1837); High Church Claims (1841), articles from The Dublin Review relating to the Oxford movement (at its height at the time; Wiseman's writings had much influence in its development; John Henry Newman and Richard Hurrell Froude [qq.v.] had been in consultation with him in Rome as early as 1833, and from that time he devoted himself to the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church in England), and a public letter to Newman after the appearance of Tract XC.; Three Lectures on the Catholic Hierarchy Delivered in St. George's, Southwark (1851), explanatory of his new position as archbishop of Westminster; Essays on Various Subjects (3 vols., 1853; new ed. with biographical introduction by J. Murphy, 1888), chiefly from The Dublin Review; Fabiola, or the Church of the Catacombs (1854), a story of the third century, widely translated, and a Roman Catholic classic; Recollections of the Last Four Popes (1858); The Hidden Gem (1858), a two-act drama; a volume of sermons, lectures, and addresses delivered on a public tour through Ireland in 1858 (1859); and Sermons on Our Lord Jesus Christ (Dublin, 1864). With Daniel O'Connell and Michael Joseph Quin he founded The Dublin Review in May, 1836.

Bibliography: W. Ward, Life and Times of Cardinal Wise- man, 2 vols., London, 1897; G. White, Memoir of .

Cardinal Wiseman, ib. 1865; W. P. Ward, Ten Personal Studies, New York, 1908; DNB, lxi. 243-246; E. Stock, English Church in the 19th Century, pp. 35-36, 42, London, 1910; F. W. Cornish, English Church in the 19th Century i. 274, 337-342, ib. 1910.