Vitringa, Campegius

VITALIAN, vai-te'li-an: Pope 657-672. He was born at Segni, and on July 30, 657, was enthroned as the successor of Eugenius I. He announced his accession to the Emperor Constans II., thus signalizing the resumption of friendly ecclesiastical relations between Rome and Constantinople; the emperor in return confirmed the privileges of the Roman church. Vitalian was unsuccessful, on the other hand, in his attempt to assert jurisdiction over Maurus, bishop of Ravenna, whom he cited to appear at Rome, only to meet with refusal. Vitalian thereupon deposed Maurus, who in his tm

pronounced the ban on the pope. Vitalian seems to have been influential in England; where Theodorus, archbishop of Canterbury, actively, promoted the interests of Rome and sought to secure uniformity with the Roman Church. Vitalian died Jan. 27,, 672.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: The letters are in MPL, Ixxxvii. 999 sqq. Consult Liber Pontificalis, ed. T. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 186-189; Bede, HisE. eccl., iv. 1; Jaffé, Regesta, i. 235-237; Agnellus, Vita; pontifieum Ravennatum, chaps. 110 sqq., Modena, 170$, also in MGH, Script. rer. Laugob. (1878), pp. 349 sqq.; Mann, Popes, ii. 1-17; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, ii. 539, Bonn, 1885; Bower, Popes, i. 459-466; Platina, Popes, i. 156-158; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 281-282; KL, xii. 1015-18; DCB, iv. 1181-63.

VITRINGA, vi-trin'IId, CAMPEGIUS: Dutch Reformed, Old-Testament scholar; b. at Leeuwarden, Frisia, May 16, 1659; d. at Franeker Mar. 31, 1722. He was educated at the universities of Franeker (1675-78) and Leyden (1678-79); and in 1681 became professor of oriental languages at the

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former university. Two years later he succeeded I wrote Hypotyposis historice et chronologice sacrce his teacher Marck in the theological faculty, and in 1693 the professorship of church history was also added to his duties; at considerable financial sacrifice he remained at Franeker until his death, declining repeated invitations to Utrecht. Theologically he was a child of his communion, ardently devoted to the doctrine of absolute predestination, and his views of the Scriptures and their inspiration were in accord with post-Reformation orthodoxy. In textual criticism, on the other hand, his attitude was more free. His importance as an exegete lies especially in the care and accuracy with which he applied the entire exegetical apparatus to determine the true meaning of his text, with due regard also for its historical background.

The chief work of Vitringa, and that on which his fame rests, was his commentary on Isaiah (2 vols., Leeuwarden, 1714-20), which forms the basis for the commentaries of J. E. Leigh (6 vols., Brunswick, 1726-34), J. J. Rambach (ed. E. F. Neubauer, Züllichau, 1741), and A. F. Büsching (2 vols., Halle, 1749-51). Vitringa planned a similar work on Zechariah, but did not live to complete it, though the prolegomena and the commentary as far as Zech. iv. 6 were edited by H. Venema (Leeuwarden, 1734). The same scholar edited also Vitringa's posthumous Commentaries ad canticum Mosis Deut. xxxii. (Haarlem, 1734). On the New Testament Vitringa wrote Anakrisis Apocalypsios Joarenis apostoli. (Franeker, 1705), in which prophecy is applied to polemics against the Roman Catholic Church. His Latin lectures on the interpretation of the parables were edited in Dutch, with his cooperation, by J. d'Outrein under the title Verklaeringe van de evangeliscke parabolen, etc. (Amsterdam, 1715); in this work the personages of the parables are made to apply to historical figures. Lectures by him formed the basis of the Dutch exegesis of Galatians and Titus (Franeker, 1728) and of the first eight chapters of Romans (1729). His Observationum sacrartcm libri sex (Franeker, 1683-1708) were chiefly exegetical in character, and based on public disputations.

In the department of Biblical history and archeology Vitringa wrote his Archisynagogvs observationibus novis illustrates (Franeker, 1685), in which he sought to trace the names and functions of the officers in the primitive Church to the Jewish synagogue. He thus became involved in a controversy with Rhenferd, in the course of which he composed his De deeem viris otiosis (Franeker, 1687). Another controversy gave rise to his Anleidinge tot het rechte verstand van den tempel, die de prophet Ezechiel gezien en beschreeven heeft (2 vols., Franeker, 1687), in which he maintained that Ezekiel's temple corresponded exactly to Solomon's, and was perfectly copied by Zerubbabel and Herod; while to the criticisms of the younger Cocceius he replied in his t'Reehte verstand van den tempel Ezechiels verdeedigt en bevestigt (Haarlem, 1693). The chief work of Vitringa, next to his commentary on Isaiah, was his De synagoga vetere libri tres (Franeker, 1694; Eng. transl., The Synagogue and the Church, London, 1842)., in which he amply atoned for the deficiencies of his earlier Archisynagogus. He also

(Leeuwarden, 1698; enlarged ed., Franeker, 1708j; and Geographia sacra; the latter unskilfully edited by D. G. Werner (Jena, 1723).

Vitringa wrote also on Biblical theology, dogmatics, and polemics. Here belongs his Doctrina Christiance religionis per aphorismos summatim descriptor (Franeker, 1690), to which, after the fourth edition (1702), was appended his Hypotyposis theologise elencticce graviores exhibens controversial quo super Christiance religionis doctrina ecclesice reformatre cum diversis ejusdem sectis intercedunt. Against Roell, who defended a sort of tritheism, Vitringa wrote his Geloove der kercke angaande de geboorte des Sons ends de tydelicke Dood der geloovige (Franeker, 1695); and he was also the author of Types doctrirece prophetiece in quo de prophetic et prophetiis agitur hujusque scientice prcecepta traduntur (appended to the Hypotyposis historio et chronologice sacra, after 1708); Types theologize practicce sine de vita spirituals ejusque a,$'ectionibus (Franeker, 1716; setting forth the right imitation of Christ); and the Dutch "Meditations on the Miracles of Jesus Christ" (Franeker, 1725), in which the fulfilment of the types and prophecies contained in the miracles of Christ is sought in the history of the Church. In the domain of practical theology his principal work was Animadversiones ad methodum homiliarum ecclesiastiearum rite instituendarum (Leeuwarden, 1721).

Two of Vitringa's sons also lived to write on theology. Horatius, though dying at the age of nineteen (Oct. 8, 1704), was the author of Animadversiones ad Johannem Vorstium de Hebraismis Novi Testaments (ed. L. Bos, in his Observationes miseellanece, Franeker,1707); and Campegius (b. at F,raneker Mar. 23, 1693; d. there Jan. 11, 1723; professor of theology at Franeker after 1715) wrote an Epi tome theologise naturalis and Dissertationes sacra, both of which were edited after their author's death by H. Venema (Franeker, 1731).

(E. Kautzsch†.)

Bibliography: The funeral oration by A. Schultens, printed in the Basel edition of the commentary on Isaiah, and the brief Vita by T. de Horse, printed in the Jena ed. of the Observationes sacra, formed the material included in Niceron, Meraoirea, xxxv. 30 sqq. Other editions of the commentary on Isaiah contain the results of the working over of this material, with corrections. Consult also L. Diestel, Geschichte des A. T. an der christlichen Kirche, pp. 436 sqq., Jena, 1869.