VAUGHAN, HERBERT: Cardinal archbishop of Westminster; b. at Gloucester Apr. 15, 1832; d. at St. Joseph's College, Mill Hill (8 m. n.w. of London), Middlesex, June 19, 1903. He was of the Vaughans of Courtfield (an estate in Herefordshire, 5 m, s. of Ross), a very old family, always stanchly Roman Catholic. His mother, a convert from evangelicalism before marriage, was excessively de vout and daily asked in prayer that all her children might be priests and nuns-and, in fact, her five daughters all entered convents, while of her eight sons six became priests (three bishops). Herbert (the oldest child) studied at the Jesuit College, Stonyhurst, Lancashire (1841-47); with the Bene dictines at Downside, near Bath (twelve months); at a Jesuit college at Brugelette, Belgium (three years), and at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici, Rome (from 1851). His health was poor, and he was ordained priest (at Lucca, Oct. 28,1854) eight een months in advance of the regular time because

it was believed he could not live to reach the canonical age. After some months of travel, he returned to England (autumn, 1855) as vice-president of St. Edmund's College, Ware (near Hertford), at that time the chief Roman Catholic school and theological seminary of the south of England. Avowedly a disciple of Dr. Manning (later cardinal), and one of six who joined him in introducing the Oblates of St. Charles in England, he bebame involved in controversies of the time, which made his position at St. Edmund's delicate and ultimately forced his retirement (autumn, 1861). Another period of illhealth followed, during which he was animated by fervent zeal for the cause of foreign missions. The very characteristic outcome was a tour of the Americas (California via the Isthmus of Panama, and Peru, Chili, and Brazil via Cape Horn), Dec., 1863July, 1864, to beg (literally) for funds to establish a missionary college in England. He came home with £11,000 cash, and founded St. Joseph's College at Mill Hill, opened Mar. 1, 1866, with one student and one professor (Vaughan). He acted as rector of St. Joseph's until 1872, when he was made bishop of Salford (Manchester). His interest in St. Joseph's, however, never abated.; he continued its practical head long after he became bishop, served as superior-general of its missionaries; and chose to go there to die. The first graduates (four in number) were sent to the negroea of the United States, Vaughan accompanying them to Baltimore (Nov., 1871), and then making a tour of the southern states to study conditions there. He established feediagcolleges in Lancashire, Holland, and the Tyrol, and lived to see his missionaries-who go forth as priests, vowed never to leave their field of labor, even for a temporary visit home-at work not only in the United States, but also in the Philippines, Uganda, Madras, New Zealand, Borneo, Labuan, the Kongo basin, Kashmir, and Kafiristan. In 1892 he succeeded Manning as archbishop of Westminster (enthroned May 8; invested Aug. 16), and was made cardinal at Rome Jan. 19; 1893.

Cardinal Vaughan is classed as an Ultramontane. He was accounted hard, narrow, and intolerant. Undoubtedly he was a man of strong convictions and pushed theories to their logical conclusions with a rare consistency. He was impetuous to a fault. His virtues-devotion to duty, sparing neither self nor others, energy, resolution, and administrative ability-were such as to emphasize his limitations. It may be doubted if his place in life was that for which he was best fitted either by natural gifts or training. The characterization of him as an "ecclesiastical Cecil Rhodes" is not inapt. He would have been preeminent as an empire-builder or leader in the commercial world. He lacked the broad sympathies, the adaptability, the scholarship,, and all the finer intellectual powers and graces so desirable in a prelate. Yet he organized his Manchester diocese to an exemplary efficiency, and in fourteen years reduced its debt by £65,000. He built the cathedral of Westminster in the.short space of a decade. His determination was proven early in his Manchester incumbency by a successful contest with the Jesuits, who attempted to work in his diocese independent of his jurisdiction. A little later, when

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Cardinal Manning and the bishops undertook to have the relations between the regular and secular clergy in England definitely defined, it was Vaughan who presented the cause of the latter at Rome, and, again, his force and tenacity prevailed after a contest which lasted for months. He was deeply interested in educational work, founded many parochial schools (and strove with no small measure of success to get public money for their support), and established St. Bede's College at Manchester (an excellent Roman Catholic commercial school) -motived throughout by the desire to prevent children of Roman Catholic parents from falling under Protestant influence. Similarly, in rescue and reformatory work-which he pursued with most commendable zeal and efficiency-it was ever the fear lest some of his communion might be swerved from their faith through service rendered by Protestants which spurred him to his greatest exertions. During the years 1894-97 he was forced to take note of a movement looking to the reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome, and it has been said that the condemnation of Anglican orders by the bull Apostolicce carte, which was the result and end of the movement, was chiefly due to his efforts. He certainly approved of the condemnation, and did all in his power to promote patient investigation of the question at Rome-as he also exerted himself to inform his brethren that the English High-churchmen were but a faction of the English Church. On the larger question involved he could have but one opinion-to settle anything by compromise was foreign to his nature. He was very successful as a writer of popular manuals of devotion and instruction, and wrote much for the Tablet (the leading Roman Catholic newspaper of England, of which he was proprietor from 1868), and the Dublin Review (which he controlled from 1878), but only on topics closely connected with the sphere of his duties. He prepared- an elaborate essay on the education and training of the clergy as an introduction to the Life of the Blessed John Baptist de Rossi by E. Mougeot (London, 1883), and an unfinished treatise on the same subject appeared after his death under the title The Young Priest (London and St. Louis, 1904), while he also wrote The Year of Preparation for the Vatican Council (2 parts, London, 1869-?0); Peter-Tide; or, St. Peter's Month (1880); On the Holy Sacwiftee of the Mass (1884); The Reunion of Christendom (1896); and Vindication of the Bull "Apostolicce Cure" (1898 ).

Bibliography: J. G. Snead-Cox, The Life of Herbert Cardinal Vaughan, 2 vols., London, 1910.