VII, bis Urban VI., pp. 81 sqq., Brunswick, 1888; L. Gayet, Le Grand Schisms d'oceident, vol. i., Paris, 1889; R. Jahr, Die Wahl Urbana VI., Halle, 1892; Sauerland, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres-Gesellschaft, xiv (1893), 820-832; C. Locks, The Age of the Great Western Schism, pp. 85-102, New York, 1896; N. Valois, La France et Is grand schisms, vol. i., Paris, 1896; F. P. Bliemetzrieder, Das Generalkonzil, pp. 1 sqq., Paderborn, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 727-807; Bower, Popes, iii. 124-142; Platina, Popes, ii. 186-176; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 233-263; RL, aii. 446 150.

Urban VII. (Giovanni Baptists Castagna): Pope 1590. He was born at Rome in 1521, was elected pope Sept. 15, 1590, but died on the twelfth day following.

K. Benrath.

Bibliography: L. Arrighi, Urbani VII. vita, Bonona, 1614; A. Chaeon (Ciaeonius), Vita, et res gesto° pontificum Romanorum, iv. 201 sqq., Rome, 1677; Ranks, Popes, ii. 32 sqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 325; KL, xii. 450-451.

Urban VIII. (Maffeo Barberini): Pope 1623-44. He was born at Florence in 1568, and was repeatedly employed by Clement VIII. and Paul V. on diplomatic missions to the French court. In 1605 he was created cardinal, and succeeded to the papal chair at the age of fifty-five. He had received a humanistic training, showed constant predilection for

107

literature, and even left some poems. He gave two saints to the Society of Jesus, Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, and canonized Philip of Neri. The time of his pontificate is wholly covered by the Thirty-Years' War (q.v.); and toward this his policy was naturally directed. According to Gregorovius (Urban VIII., p. 7, Stuttgart, 1879), he " waived the Roman Catholic principle in the case of that war," and turned his attention solely to the question of political domination. So as to limit the power of the emperor, when the house of Gonzaga became extinct, he favored the accession of Mantua to the French line of Nevers, and this transfer was confirmed in 1630. In the great war itself, his favor for the opponents of the house of Austria was undeniable, though this was consonant with the sharpest antipathy toward the Protestants (cf. his brief of June 28, 1631, in which he exults over the destruction of Magdeburg by Tilly, and his rejoicing over the death of Gustavus Adolphus).

Urban VIII. was the last pope who was able to expand the Papal States (q.v.), which he did by the sequestration of Urbino as a vacated tenure. He also erected fortifications at threatened points, as at the north boundary of the legation of Bologna, where he built the fortress Castelfraneo, named Fortezza Urbano; fortified Castle Sant' Angelo at Rome; and completed and secured the port of Civita Vecchia. He was also the last pope who used nepotism on a large scale. If he did not make sovereigns of the Barberini, he made them the richest landed proprietors in the Papal States, and this position they attempted to improve by an unsuccessful war on the duke of Parma. It is significant of this pope that he celebrated the memory of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, who laid the foundation for the temporal sovereignty. He had her ashes removed from S. Benedetto near Mantua, and reared for her a magnificent monument in St. Peter's,

Rome.

K. Benrath.

Bibliography: A. Niooletti, Vita di Papa Urbano VIII. (8 vols. of MS. in the Barberini Library, Rome; cf. on it Ranke, Popes, iii. 400J107); A. Chaeon (Ciaconius), Vito et rea geatee pontifieum Romanorum, vol. iii., Rome, 1877; A. von Reumont, Beiträge zur italienischera Geschichte, v. 117-171, Berlin, 1857; idem, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, pp. fill-822, ib. 1870; J. Hergenröther, Katholische Kirche and christlicher Stoat, pp. 712 sqq., Freiburg' 1872; F. Gregorovius, Urban VIII. im Widerstreit zu Spanien and dem Kaiser, Stuttgart, 1879; M. Broach, Geschichte des Kirchenstaats, vol. i., Gotha, 1880; Ehsea, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres-Gesellschaft, xi (1895), 33fi-341; O. HIopp, Der dreissigjilhripe Krieg, iii. 2, pp. 659-874, Paderborn, 189& Ranke, Popes, ii. 283-271, 281 sqq., et passim; Bower, Popes, iii. 329-330; AL, xii. 451-452.