URBAN: The name of eight popes.

Urban L : Pope 222-230. He succeeded Calixtus L, but nothing -is known concerning his pontificate. The Liber pontificalis places his death on May 19 and the martyrology of Jerome on May 25. He seems to have been interred in the cemetery of Calixtus, where an inscription has been found which probably marked his grave; yet the Tuber pontiftcalis buries him in the cemetery of Pretextatus.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 22-23; Bower, Popes, i. 22; Platina, Popes, i. 31-43; DCB, iv. 1062-64; ASB, May, vi. 11-14; K. J. Neumann, Der römische Stoat und die allgemeine Kirche, i. 314-316, Leipsic, 1890.

Urban II. (Odo de Lagny) : Pope 1088-99. He was born of knightly descent at Chatillon-sun-Marne and early adopted a clerical career, receiving deep impressions from Bruno of Cologne (q.v.). After being archdeacon of Reims, he entered the monastery of Cluny, where he rose to be prior, but was called to Italy by Gregory VII. and created cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1078, and was elected to the papal throne (Mar. 12, 1088). Though he declared himself a follower of Gregory VII. in all

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things, he was far less drastic, more politic, and so eventually more successful. At first, however, the followers of the antipope Clement III. (see Guibert of Ravenna) being more numerous than his own, he was obliged to withdraw from Rome (1089). He held a synod at Melfi, southern Italy, on Sept. 10, 1089, which condemned simony, lay investiture, and the marriage of the clergy. He returned to Rome, but was unable to hold the city; from 1090 to 1093 he was an exile, but meanwhile was not idle. He held synods and devoted special attention to affairs in Germany. For a time it seemed as though peace with the Emperor Henry IV. might be restored, but the imperial refusal to abandon Clement, the anti pope, and thus to end the schism frustrated such hopes. Urban strengthened his position with both his Italian and his German allies by promoting a marriage between the younger Guelf of Bavaria and the Margravine Matilda, his strongest supporter in Italy (1089), by assisting Conrad in rebellion against his father (1093), and by availing himself of the Empress Adelheid's treason toward her hus band (1094). The result of all this was the fall of Henry and the consolidation of Urban's power. In the summer of 1094 Urban left Rome and tri umphantly traversed central and northern Italy, holding a great synod at Piacenza (Mar. 1-7, 1095), which condemned simony and the marriage of priests, denied the validity of the ordinations by Clement and his adherents, and renewed the an athema against them. He received an embassy from the Emperor Alexius, imploring western aid against the Moslems. Urban echoed the embassy's appeal, and the result was the beginning of the crusades, the first of which was proclaimed at a synod held by Urban at Clermont, France (Nov. 18-28, 1095; see Crusades, § 1). The "peace of God" (see TaucE of GOD) was declared to be universally bind ing, and the regulations for the prevention of simony and lay investiture were renewed and made more stringent. But most important was the enthusiasm awakened by Urban for the crusades, whereby the pope became the real head of the western world. In the spring of 1096 Urban held synods at Tours and Nimes, and then returned to Italy, where the pres tige of Henry and Clement was broken. Toward the end of the year Urban resumed residence in Rome, and in Jan., 1097, held a synod in the Lateran, and on Oct. 3, 1098, one at Bari, which was of gen eral importance for its decisions concerning the procession of the Holy Ghost. A second Roman synod was held in St. Peter's on Apr. 24-30, 1099, and shortly afterward, on July 29, 1099, Urban died.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: The EpiBtOZB et pTiVtZegla ate in MPL, Vol. eli.; Jaft, Regesta, pp. 657 sqq.; C. Griinhagen, Vita Urbani II., Halle, 1848; A: de Brimont, Un pope au moyert dge, Urbain 11., Paris, 1882; J. M. Watteriah, Romanorum pontificum . . vita:, i. 571 sqq., Leipsic, 1882; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, Vol. ii., Berlin, 1868; M. F. Stern, Zur Biographic des Papstes Urban II., Berlin, 1883; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahr6uch des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. and Y., Leipsic, 1890 sqq.; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirchen, Vol. iv., Bonn, 1893; L. Bernard, Le Bienheureux Urbain 11., Paris, 1896; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of City of Rome, iv. 269 sqq., London, 1898; G. Richter, Annalen des deRtschen Reichs im Zeitatter der Ottorten, Halle, 1898; Mann, Popes, vii. 245-348; Bower, Popes, ii. 413-428;

Plating, Popes, ii. 13-18; Milinan, Latin Christianity, iii. 500-523, iv. 2B-29; T. Ruinart, Vita . . . Urbani II., in MPL, ell. 9-268; Hauck, RD, Vol. iii.; I3efele, Conciliengeschichte, Vol. v.; and the literature under Crusades.

Urban III. (Uberto Crevelli):Pope 118587. Born at Milan and created cardinal by Lucius III., he became archbishop of Milan in 1185, and pope Nov. 25 of the same year. The struggle with Em peror Frederick I. held over from the previous pon tificate. Urban repeated his predecessor's demands and retained the see of Milan. Thereupon Frederick appropriated the estates of deceased bishops and the revenues of dioceses during a sedis vacantia (see Sedis Vacans); Urban refused to crown Frederick's son, Henry VI., sought to weaken the allegiance of the German bishops, supported Cremona in its re volt, and, when Frederick reduced the city, conse crated Folmar archbishop of Treves in defiance of the emperor. Later he cited Frederick to appear at Verona, and threatened him with excommunication, but died at Ferrara on Oct. 19, 1187, before he could carry cut his intention.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: The Epistolca et privilegia are in MPL, Vol. coil. Consult: Jaft, Regesta, ii. 854; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum Pontificum . . viEte, ii. 863 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; A, von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, Vol. ii., Berlin, 1888; H. Prutz, Kaiser Friedrich 1., Vol. iii., Dan zig, 1873; J. Langan, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, iv. 564 sqq., Bonn, 1893; W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vi. 114 sqq., Brunswick, 1895; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 61214, London, 1898; Bower, Popes, ii. 527-528; Plating, Popes, ii. 802; Mihnan, Latin Christianity, iv. 440-443; Hauck, KD, iv. 304 sqq.

Urban IV. (Jacques Pantaleon): Pope 1261-64. He was educated at Laon and Paris, was canon at Loon, canon and archdeacon at Liege, papal nuncio in Silesia, Poland, Prussia, and Pomerania (124?), archdeacon of Laon (1249), and in 1253 bishop of Verdun. Two years later Alexander IV. appointed him patriarch of Jerusalem, and on Sept. 4, 1261, he succeeded his patron on the papal throne. His first care was the restoration of papal supremacy in Rome and its vicinity. In Germany he sought to continue the confusion that already existed, being determined on the destruction of the Hohenstaufen line. In 1263 the crown of Naples and Sicily was offered to Charles, duke of Anjou. Before Charles entered Italy, however, Urban died at Perugia, Oct. 2, 1264. The sole ecclesiastical events of his pontificate were the general introduction of the festival of Corpus Christi (q.v.), and the negotiations for union with the Greek Church.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: His "Registers" were edited by G. Guiraud, 2 vols., Paris, 1901; cf. MGH, Epist., iii (1883), 474 sqq. Consult: F. von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit, iv. 422 sqq., Leipsic, 1841; C. de Cherner, Hist. de la lulls des gapes . . . de la maison de Souabe, iii. 113 sqq., Paris, 1858; J. B. Magnan, Vie du pope Urbain IV., Paris, 1883; E. Georges, Hist. du page Urbain IV., Paris, 1885; A. von Reumont. Geschichte der Stadt Rom, Vol. ii., Berlin, 1887; F. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen, Göttingen, 1871; O. Posse, Analecta Vaticana, pp. 15 sqq., 128 sqq., Innsbruck, 1878; F. Tenckhoff, Der Kampf der Hohenstaufen um die Mark Ancona, Paderborn, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, v. 343 sqq., London, 1897; Ii;. Hampe, Urban IV. and Manfred, Heidelberg, 1905; Bower, Popes, ii. 571-574; Plating, Popes, ii. 94-97; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 80-91.

Urban V.: Pope 1362-70. He was born at Grisae (in the neighborhood of Mends), southern France,

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entered the Benedictine order, becoming abbot of St. Germanus at Auxerre and of St. Victor at Mar seilles. He was repeatedly employed as papal legate by Clement VI. and Innocent VI., and was en throned pope at Avignon on Oct. 28, 1362. He was one of the last popes to interest himself in the cru sades, but his attention was practically absorbed by more urgent matters nearer home. In upper Italy Bernabo Visconti was developing his power, and when he refused to obey the summons of the new pope, he was placed under the ban and made the object of an unsuccessful crusade (Mar. 3, 1363). The pope deemed it advisable to return to Italy, and, despite the protests of the French cardinals and the French court, Urban left Avignon on Apr. 30, 1367, and landed in Italy near Corneto on June 4, enter ing Rome on Oct. 16. Italy, however, remained in disorder; Perugia rebelled (1369) and was reduced only by force; even the visits of Joanna of Naples and of Charles IV. to Rome and the conversion of the Greek Emperor John Palaeologus to the Roman Church could not hide the fact that the object of the pope's return had not been attained. Urban therefore resolved to go back to Avignon. Despite the warning of St. Bridget of Sweden that he would die if he returned to Avignon, and against the pleas of the Romans, by Sept. 24,1370, Urban was again at Avignon, where, on Dec. 19 of the same year, he died. While Urban protested repeatedly against various ecclesiastical abuses, he lacked the strength necessary for the conditions that confronted him. He made important architectural improvements on the Lateran Hill in Rome, in the churches of SS. Peter and Paul, and in the papal palace at Avignon, besides founding a college at Montpellier for students of medicine.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: For original documents consult the Turin ed. of the Bullarium Romanum, iv. 519 sqq., 1859; A. Theiner, Codes; diplomaticus, ii. 4038 sqq., Rome, 1882; and Lettrea des popes d'Avignon, vol. v., Paris, 1906. The Vita by Aymeric with other documents is in E. Baluze, Vita; paparum Avenionensium, i. 363-424, Paris, 1693; and in Muratori, Scriptores, iii. 2, pp. 610-642. Consult further: Creighton, Papacy, i. 55-56, 115, 355; Pastor, Popes, i. 54, 95-99, 128; J. B. Magnan, Hist. d' Urbain Y. et de son aQcle, Paris. 1882; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 937, Berlin, 1867; M. Prou, Relations politiques du gape Urbain V. aver les roia de France, Paris, 1888; M. Souehon, Die Papstwahlen von BoniJaz VIII. bis Urban VI., pp. 68 sqq., Brunswick, 1888; Louise Guiraud, Les Fondations du gape Urbain V. h Montpellier, 3 vols., Paris, 1889-91; E. werunsky, Geschichte Romp Karla IV., iii. 266 sqq., Innsbruck, 1892; Württembergische Geschichtsquellen, ii. 448 sqq., Stuttgart, 1895; C. Locks. The Age of the Great Western Schism, pp. 26, 7275, 299, New York, 1896; J. H. Albanis, Actes anciens et documents concernant . . . Urbain V., vol. i., Paris, 1897; J. P. Kirsch, Die Riukkehr der Päpste Urban V, and Gregor %1., Paderborn, 1898; Bower, Popes, iii. 109-116; Platina, Popes, ii. 160-162; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 209-218.

Urban VI. (Bartolomeo Prignano): Pope 1378-1389. He was born at Naples about 1318, studied canon law, became archbishop of Averenza, and of Bari in 1377; and was enthroned as pope Apr. 9, 1378. A man of the utmost personal integrity and a firm opponent of all abuses, Urban yet had the unfortunate faculty of antagonizing all with whom he came in contact. He soon alienated the support of the college of cardinals, and the French members formed a conspiracy against him, asserting that the

cardinals had been forced by the populace to elect Urban, and that the election was, therefore, invalid. His opponents went to Fondi and elected Cardinal Robert of Geneva pope on Sept. 20, 1378, under the name of Clement VII. Clement was supported by all the cardinals except four Italians, as well as by Joanna of Naples, by France, and, eventually, by Scotland, Savoy, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Lorraine. Urban created s large number of new cardinals, and was supported by Catherine of Sienna (q.v.), Catherine, the daughter of Saint Bridget of Sweden (q.v.), Charles IV., England, the northern and eastern lands, and a great part of Germany.

Urban being master of Rome, Clement hastened to Naples, but so unfavorable was his reception that he determined to go to Avignon, and on June 10, 1379, landed at Marseilles. Meanwhile Joanna sought to make terms with Urban, but the pope declared her deprived of her kingdom, and crowned the heir of Naples, Charles of Durazzo, king of Jerusalem and Sicily. But then, suspecting that some of his cardinals were conspiring with Charles for his deposition, he put the latter under the ban and Naples under an interdict. Charles, in his turn, besieged the pope in Naples; but Urban was finally set free and reached Genoa, where he remained until Dec., 1386. Thence he went to Lucca, and from there to Perugia, but, after an unsuccessful attempt to restore the papal power in Naples, was forced to return to Rome in Oct., 1388. There he remained until his death on Oct. 15, 1389, his only acts of moment being to make the thirty-third -year the year of jubilee and to introduce the feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Sources are: The Turin ed. of the Bullarium Romanum, iv. 580-801; Theodorici de Nyem de achiamate, ed. G. Erler, Leipsic, 1890; and the Vita in Baluze, Vita; paparum Avenionensium, Paris, 1693. Consult: Creighbon, Papacy, i. 64-fi7, 69 sqq., 363-365; Pastor, Popes, i. 118-145 et passim; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 1015, Berlin, 1867; Lindner, in ZKG, iii (1879), 409-428, 525-546; G. Erler, Dietrich von Nieheim, Leipsic, 1887; M. Souchon, Die Papstwahlen von BoniJaz