TUTTLE, DANIEL SYLVESTER:

Protestant Episcopal bishop; b. at Windham, N. Y.,. Jan. 26, 1837. He was educated at Columbia College (B.A., 1857); was a private tutor (1857-59); studied at General Theological Seminary, New York City (1859-62); was ordered deacon in 1862 and ordained priest in 1863; was minister (1862-63), and rector (1863-67) of Zion Church, Morris, N. Y.; was consecrated missionary bishop of Montana, Idaho, and Utah (1867) and took charge of the new diocese of Utah and Idaho (1880), changing in 1886 to the diocese of Missouri; over which he has since presided. In virtue of his age he has been presiding bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States since 1903. In theology he terms himself "a Prayer Book Churchman along the historic lines advocated by Bishop Seabury and Bishop Hobart," and has written Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop (New York, 1906).

Bibliography: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America, p. 181, New York, 1895.

TUTTLE, HUDSON:

Author and lecturer in the interest of spiritualism; b. at Berlin Heights, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1836; d. at Berlin Heights, Ohio, Dec. 14, 1910. He was self-educated, and was connected with the propaganda and journalism of spiritualism throughout his life. Among his works are Arcana of Nature (Boston, 1859; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1864; new ed., 1908); Origin and Antiquity of Physical Man (1865); Career of the Christ Idea in History (1870); Year-Book of Spiritualism: Record of its Facts, Science, and Philosophy (1871; in collaboration with J. M. Peebles); Studies in the Outlying Fields of Psychic Science (New York, 1889); Religion of Man and Ethics of Science (1890); Life in Two Spheres (1892); Evolution of the God and Christ Ideas (Berlin Heights, O., 1907); and Studies from beyond the Borderland (1910).

TWELVE APOSTLES, TEACHING OF THE. See Didache.

TWELVE PATRIARCHS, TESTAMENT OF.

See Pseudepigrapha, Old Testament, III., 23.

TWESTEN, Tves'ten, AUGUST DETLEV CHRISTIAN: German Lutheran; b. at Gliickstadt (27 m. n.w. of Hamburg). Apr. 11, 1789; d. at Berlin Jan. 8, 1876. He was educated at the universities of Kiel (1808-10) and Berlin (1810-11), coming under the special influence of Schleiermacher. After teaching for a time at the Werdersches Gymnasium in Berlin, Twesten was appointed, in 1814, associate professor of philosophy and theology at Kiel, where, within a year, he assisted in establishing the Kieler Bldtter. His lectures dealt with philosophy, systematic theology, and New Testament exegesis. In systematic theology he devoted himself first to philosophic theology, as well as to the theory of the Church and Symbolics, later turning to theo°ogical encyclopedia, dogmatics, and ethics. His exegetical lectures covered the entire New Testament, while he also edited for his students Die drei Skumenischen Symbole, die Auysburgische Konfession und die repetitio confessionis Augustartm (Kiel, 1816). He likewise wrote as textbooks Die Logik, insbesondere die Analytik (Sleswiek, 1825), and Grundriss der analytischen Logik (Kiel, 1834). More important theologically was his Yorlesungen caber die Dogmatik der evangeliseh-lwtherischen Kirche each dem Kompendium des . . . W. M. de Wette (2 vols., Hamburg, 1826-37), designed in part to supplement the Glaubenslehre of Schleiermacher, but never completed. The point of view is essentially that of a middle way between the extremes of mere return to old principles and the rationalism of the period, the possibility of divergent interpretations being at the same time admitted. The sense of uncertainty which pervades the Vorlesungen did not, however, extend to his determination to establish his church on a firm foundation and to justify her independence, his views on these matters being expressed. in his irenic rectorial address of Mar. 5, 1830, in celebration of the three-hundredth anniversary of the Augsburg Confession.

Twesten's influence was greatly enhanced at Kiel after the call of Klaus Harms in 1816; for the two men supplemented each other, so that it was well said that Twesten converted his hearers and Harms baptized them. When Twesten was asked to become the successor of Schleiermacher at Berlin, he modestly declined, and it was only the insistence of Neander and Johannes Schulze that overcame

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his modest reluctance, and in 1835 he became professor of dogmatics and New-Testament exegesis there. Here his task was to preserve the middle way between the Hegelianism of Marheineke and the neo-orthodox legalism of Hengstenberg, both of whom found a bond of union in opposition to an undesired colleague. Having points both of sympathy and of antagonism with both Marheineke and Hengstenberg, he yet remained essentially aloof from the trend of either, contenting himself with a clear presentation of his own convictions that recognized all that was good in his opponents, withdrawing approval only where there was evident lack of truthfulness or open denial of Evangelical principles. His ecclesiastical aims found noteworthy expression in the general synod of Berlin in 1846. Here, in the search for a basis for the Evangelical Church of Prussia which should meet the requirements of the time, it became necessary to establish a confession. Opposing the attempt to make a new formulation of the doctrines common to the Evangelical creeds, Twesten urged the retention of the old standards, though without erecting these classical documents of the Reformation into a judicial system. His principles were further exemplified in his attitude toward union, whose antitheses, he held, would lead neither to schism nor to heresy. The end of all efforts for union should be, according to him, the association, for mutual edification, of all Christians living in one place at the same time, a sharp distinction being drawn between the practical and the merely academic. This attitude of mediation was maintained by Twesten in his practical administration of ecclesiastical affairs.

In addition to the works already. mentioned, Twesten edited F. Schleiermacher's Grundriss der philosophischen Ethik (Berlin, 1841) and L. Hutter's Compendium locorum theologicorum (1855), and wrote Commentatio critica de Hesiodi carmine quod inscribitur opera et dies (Kiel, 1815); Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Berlin, 1844); and Zur Erinnerung an Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1868).

(G. Heinrici)

Bibliography: The one biography is C. F. G. Heinrici, August Tweaten ttach Tagebuchern uruE BrieJen, Berlin, 1889. Consult further: C. E. Carstens, Geschichte der %ieler theologischen Fakultkl, Kiel, 1575; P. Kleinert and E. Curtius, Worte der Erinnerung an Dr. A. Tweaten, Berlin, 1589; E. Hitzig, Ernst Constantin Ranks, pp. lbl-1b2, Leipsic, 1908.