TULLOCH, tul'oc, JOHN: Church of Scotland, divine and educator; b. at Dron, near Tibbermuir (5 m. w. of Perth), June 1, 1823; d. at Tor quay, England, Feb. 13, 1886. He was educated at St. Andrew's and Edinburgh; became parish minister at Dundee 1845, and at Kettins, Forfar sbire, 1849, principal and primarius professor of di vinity in St. Mary's College, St. Andrew's Univer- sity, 1854; and senior principal of the university, 1860. His theological standpoint was thus defined by himself: " Broad evangelical. The aim is to see all Christian truth first in its pure historical form-the mind of Christ, the thought of St. Paul, the teaching of St. James; then its living relation to the Christian consciousness-what man needs, what God gives. The historic method, rightly applied, is the primary key to all Christian truth; and the renovation of theology is through this method bringing all Christian ideas freshly into the light of consciousness." He studied theology in Germany in 1847-48 and,1863-64. He was " especially attracted by Neander, and much interested by the problems raised by the Tübingen school and the writings of F. C. Baur, and greatly attracted in late years by Dean Stanley's historical writings and Bishop Lightfoot's critieo-historical essays." He was an ardent student of literature and philosophy, and his writings are highly prized. He first came into notice when in Dundee, by his frequent contributions in the Dundee Advertiser; but later by his elaborate articles in The North-British Review, The British Quarterly, and Kitto's Journal of Sacred Literature. Two of his articles-one on Carlyle's Life of Sterling (North-British Review, vol. iv., 1845), the other on Bunsen's Hippolytus (the same, vol. xix., 1853)-attracted wide attention; and the latter so pleased Baron Bunsen that he successfully exerted his influence to press Tulloch's claim to the principalship in St. Mary's College. His appointment when barely thirty years old to.this position, one of the most dignified and responsible connected with the Established Church of Scotland, was naturally a great surprise and occasion of unfavorable remark. But he soon proved his fitness for the office. In 1856 he was appointed one of the examiners of the Dick bequest, and so continued until his death. In 1858 he was deputed by the General Assembly of the Church to open the Scotch Presbyterian Church in Paris, and preached there during the summer. In 1859 he was appointed one of her Majesty's chaplains for Scotland, and often preached before the queen at Crathie. In 1862 he became deputy clerk of the General Assembly, in 1875 clerk, and in 1878 was elected moderator. As university head, preacher, essayist, historian, theologian, and in private life he was highly esteemed, his death was sincerely mourned, and his memory is still cherished. Principal Tulloch's chief contributions to literature were: Theism; the Witness of Reason and Nature to an all-wise and beneficent Creator (Edinburgh, 1855), second Burnett prize essay; Leaders of the Reformation, Luther, Calvin, Latimer, Knox (1859; enlarged ed., Luther and Other Leaders of the Reformation, 1888); English Puritanism and its Leaders, Cromwell, Milton, Batter, Bunyan (1861); The Christ of the Gospels and the Christ of Modern Criticism (1864), on Renan's Vie de Jesus; Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century (2 vols., 1872); Pascal (1876); The Christian Doctrine of Sin (1877) ; Modern Theories in Philosophy and Religion (1884); Movements of Religious Thought in Britain daring the Nineteenth Century (1885); National Religion in Theory and Fact (1886), two volumes of sermons-Some Facts of Religion and

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Life (1877), and Sundays at Balmoral (1887), as well as occasional sermons, addresses, and the like.

Bibliography: Mm. M. O. Oliphant, Memoir of the Life of John Tulloch, Edinburgh, 1888; W. Knight, Principal Shairp and his Friends, London, 1888; A. K. H. Boyd, Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews, 2 vols., ib. 1892-93; DNB, lvii. 307-310.