It is now eight years and a half since this encyclopedia was begun. Unbroken harmony has characterized my relations with the members of the staff, and I take this opportunity to return my heartfelt thanks for their devotion and interest, which have made each day's work a pleasure.
The following persons whose names are not elsewhere mentioned have contributed for longer or shorter periods their services as translators: Edwin B. Chilton, William Lloyd Bevan, Ph.D., Abram Lipsky, the Rev. Charles Adam Mohr, B.A., Daniel Longs Peacock, Mrs. L. de Quesada, and Simeon Strunsky, B.A.; and as assistant office editors: Hubert Evans, Ph.D., Frederick W. Humphrey, and Charles Joseph Gillen.
Two persons have greatly helped us to correct errors into which, notwithstanding our care, we have fallen: Bernhard Pick, Ph.D., D.D., for vols. i. and ii., and Rev. Malborne W. Graham, of Williams, Ohio, for all the volumes. The mistakes which these and others have pointed out have been frankly acknowledged in the succeeding volumes and corrected. It is to be hoped that other publishers of encyclopedias will pursue this plan, thus enabling the purchasers of the first editions of their works to be at least in part on a footing of equality with the purchasers of later editions.
In this connection I thank Mr. Isidor Furst, proof-reader for the Publishers Printing Company, whose skill and watchfulness have united to give the public the typographical accuracy which I believe these volumes can boast. Thanks are also due to Professor E. A. A. O. A. von Dobschuetz, of the University of Breslau, for his contributions to the accuracy and completeness with which the sketches of contemporary German theologians are furnished.
But my closing word must concern the Rev. George William Gilmore, the associate editor from the beginning to the end and the managing editor of the last six volumes. He brought to the work wide knowledge, especially in the two little-cultivated fields of comparative religion and bibliography. He has shared, however, in all the other departments of this encyclopedia as translator and collaborator. It is only truth to say that it is due largely to his devotion and remarkable intelligence and learning that the work is so worthy the confidence of the public.
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON,
Editor-in-Chief.
February 14th, 1912.
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EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief.)
Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLLAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor.)
New York,
Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on
Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME X.
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CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. (Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations.) Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Ambrose's, New York City. |
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D. (Department of Church History.) Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Waco, Tex. |
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A (Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the
Standard Dictionary, etc., |
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CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XII.
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WILLIAM HENRY ALLISON, Ph.D., Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Theological Seminary, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y.
HANS ANSTEIN, Secretary of the Evangelical Missionary Society, Basel.
CARL FRANKLIN ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
GEORG BEER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.
JOHANNES BELSHEIM (†), Late Pastor in Christiania.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem. |
DANIEL BERGER, D.D., Clergyman of the United Brethren in Christ, Dayton, O., formerly Editor in the United Brethren Publishing House.
CARL BERTHEAU (†), Th.D., Late Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
WILLIBALD BEYSCHLAG (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
RUDOLPH MICHAEL BINDER, Ph.D., Lecturer in Sociology, New York University.
FREDERICK MEYER BIRD (†), Late Professor of Psychology, Christian Ethics, and Rhetoric, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem. Pa.
EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D., Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.
THEODORA CROSBY BLISS, Writer on Missions, Washington, D. C.
SARA D. BLUXOXZ, Former General Secretary, Daughters of the King.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Church History, University of Bonn. |
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AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D., Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Copenhagen.
KARL RITTER VON BURGER (†), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.
CARL CAMENISCH, Ph.D., Professor at the Oberrealschule, Basel.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D., Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JACQUES EUGENE CHOISY, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Geneva.
PAUL CHRIST (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Zurich.
FRANCIS ALBERT CHRISTIE, D.D., Professor of Church History, Meadville Theological School, Meadville, Pa.
FRANCIS EDWARD CLARK, D.D., LL.D., Founder of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, Boston.
JOSEPH BOURNE CLARK, D.D., Editorial Secretary of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York.
OTTO CONSTANTIN CLEMEN, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Gymnasial Professor at Zwickau.
ALBERTO CLOT, D.D., Professor of French Literature in the State University of Palermo, Italy.
FERDINAND EDUARD THEODOR COHRS, Th.D., Consiatorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany.
ALEXIS IRÉNÉE DU PONT COLEMAN, M.A., Instructor in English, College of the City of New York.
HENRY COWAN, D.D., D.C.L., Professor of Church History, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
EUGENE RICHARD COX, Member of Christian Science Committee on Publication.
THOMAS WITTON DAVIES, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University College of North Wales, Bangor.
SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.
LUDWIG DIESTEL (†), Ph.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Tübingen.
PAUL GOTTFRIED DREWS, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology, University of Halle. |
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., Pastor of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y.
SAMUEL AUGUSTUS WILLOUGHBY DUFFIELD (†), Late Presbyterian Minister, Bloomfield, N. J.
THEODOR ELZE (†), Th.D., Late Pastor in Venice.
JOHN OLUF EVJEN, Ph.D., Professor of Theology, Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn.
CHRISTIAN THEODOR FICKER, Ph.D., Pastor Emeritus, Leipsic.
GERHARD PAUL FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Kiel.
JOHANNES FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg.
GUSTAV WILHELM FRANK (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Dogmatics, Symbolics, and Christian Ethics, University of Vienna.
ALBERT FREYBE (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg.
EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG (†), Th.D., Dr.Jur., Late Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A., Former Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me.
FRANZ GOERRES, Ph.D., Assistant Librarian, University of Bonn.
WILHELM GUSTAV GOETERS, Privat-docent in Church History, University of Halle.
WILHELM GOETZ (†), Ph.D., Late Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High School, and Professor, Military Acadmy, Munich.
RICHARD JAMES HORATIO GOTTHEIL, Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York.
GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Extraordinary Professor of Historical Theology and of New Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.
RICHARD HEINRICH GRUETZMACHER, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock.
EDWARD GUEDER (†), Th.D., Late Pastor, Canton of Bern, Switzerland.
RUDOLF GUENTHER, Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Practical Theology, University of Marburg.
HERMANN GUTHE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.
WILHELM HADORN, Th.Lic., Pastor in Bern and Lecturer on New-Testament Exegesis, University of Bern.
EDWARD EVERETT HALE (†), S.T.D., LL.D., Late Author and Minister of the South Congregational (Unitarian) Church, Boston.
FRANCIS JOSEPH HALL, D.D., Professor of Dogmatic Theology, Western Theological Seminary, Chicago, Ill. |
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JOHN TAYLOR HAMILTON, D.D., Missionary Bishop, Unity of the Brethren, Herrnhut, Saxony.
ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editor-in-chief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopädie.
JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of the New Testament, University of Greifswald.
WILLIAM FRANKLIN HEIL, Bishop of the United Evangelical Church, Highland Park, Ill.
CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG HEINRICI, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.
HEINRICH HERMELINK, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic.
ROBERT W. HILL, Of Universalist Young People's Union.
PAUL HINSCHIUS (†), Th.D., Dr.Jur., Late Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin.
GUSTAV HOENNICKE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Breslau.
HEINRICH FRIEDRICH MAX HOFFMANN, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic.
OSWALD HOLDER-EGGER (†), Ph.D., Late Professor at Berlin and Director the Publication of the Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Berlin.
HEINRICH JULIUS HOLTZMANN (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg.
EWALD HORN, Ph.D., Director of the Information Bureau for Higher Education, Berlin.
LOUISE SEYMOUR HOUGHTON, Author and Translator.
AUGUST WILHELM REINHARD EMIL HUNZINGER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, Apologetics, and Theological Encyclopedia, University of Erlangen.
HEINRICH FRIEDRICH JACOBSON (†),Th.D., Late Professor of Law, University of Königsberg.
HARRY JEFFS, Editor of The Christian World Pulpit, London.
ARTHUR NEWTON JOHNSON, M.A., Home Secretary of the London Missionary Society.
GUSTAV ADOLF JUELICHER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History and New-Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg.
MARTIN KAEHLER, Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics and New-Testament Exegesis, University of Halle.
DEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES, Ph.D., Athens, Greece.
ADOLF HERMANN HEINRICH KAMPHAUSEN (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn.
EMIL FRIEDRICH KAUTZSCH (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Halle. |
PETER GUSTAV KAWERAU, Ph.D., Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Provost of St. Peter's, Berlin, and Honorary Professor, University of Berlin.
DIETRICH KERLER (†), Ph.D., Late Head Librarian, Würzburg.
OTTO KIRN (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Dogmatics, University of Leipsic.
RUDOLF KITTEL, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.
GEORGE THOMSON KNIGHT (†), D.D., Late Professor of Christian Theology, Tufts College, Mass.
KARL THEODOR RUDOLF BERNHARD KOCH, Pastor in Rehweiler, Bavaria.
JUSTUS ADOLF KOEBERLE (†), Th.D., Late Professor of the Old Testament, University of Rostock.
THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN KOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen.
HERMANN GUSTAV EDUARD KRUEGER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Giessen.
LUTHER M. KUHNS, General Secretary, Luther League of America.
EUGEN LACHENMANN, City Pastor in Leonberg, Württemberg.
JOSIAH PENNABECKER LANDIS, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Bonebrake Theological Seminary, Dayton, O.
GEORG RITTER VON LAUBMANN
(†), Ph.D.,
Late Director of the Royal Library,
Munich.
GOTTHARD VICTOR LECHLER (†),
Ph.D., Th.D.,
Late Professor of Theology, University
of Leipsic.
WILLIAM LEE (†), D.D.,
Late Professor of Church History,
University of Glasgow.
WILHELM JOHANNES LEIPOLDT,
Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of New-Testament Exegesis,
University of Kiel.
LUDWIG LEMME, Th.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology,
University of Heidelberg.
C. H. D'E. LEPPINGTON,
Fellow of the Royal Economic Society,
England.
ALBERT LIENHARD,
Pastor in Wickersheim, Lower Alsace.
GEORG KARL DAVID LOESCHE,
Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History,
Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Vienna.
JOHANN LOSERTH, Ph.D.,
Professor of History, University of Graz.
WILHELM PHILIPP FRIEDRICH
FERDINAND LOTZ, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis,
University of Erlangen.
ERNEST CHRISTIAN
MARGRANDER, D.C.,
Chancellor to the Orthodox Catholic
Archbishop of America.
PAUL MEHLHORN, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Pastor of the Reformed Church,
Leipsic. |
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PHILIPP MEYER, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Hanover.
CARL THEODOR MIRBT, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Marburg.
JACOB ISIDOR MOMBERT, D.D., Author, Paterson, N. J.
JOHN HENRY MOORE, Elder and Bishop of the Dunker Church: Editor of The Gospel Messenger, Elgin,
RICHARD CARY MORSE, M.A., General Secretary of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association, New York.
ERNST FRIEDRICH EARL MUELLER, Th.D., Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen.
GEORG MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D., Inspector of Schools, Leipsic.
JOSEPH THEODOR MUELLER, Th.D., Keeper of the Archives of the Unity of the Brethren, Herrnhut.
CHRISTOF EBERHARD NESTLE, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Maulbronn, Württemberg.
KARL JOHANNES NEUMANN, Ph.D., Professor of Ancient History, University of Strasburg.
ALBERT HENRY NEWNAN, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas.
THEODOR JULIUS NEY, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Speyer, Bavaria.
CHRISTIAN VON PALMER (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, Tübingen.
CARL PESTALOZZI (†), Ph.D., Late Pastor in Zurich.
CARL PFENDER, Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Paris.
ERWIN FRIEDRICH WILHELM FERDINAND PREUSCHEN, Ph.D., Th.D., Pastor at Hirschhorn-on-the-Neckar, Germany.
PAUL MARTIN BADE, Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Marburg.
HERMANN RAHLENBECK, Pastor in Cologne.
EDWIN MORTIMER RANDALL, D.D., General Secretary, Epworth League.
MATTHEW BROWN RIDDLE, D.D., LL.D., Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburg, Pa.
CHRISTIAN GEORG RIETSCHEL, Th.D., Professor of Practical Theology and University Preacher, University of Leipsic.
SIEGFRIED RIETSCHEL, Dr.Jur., Professor of German Law, University of Tübingen.
ALBRECHT BENJAMIN RITSCHL (†), Ph.D., Dr. Jur., Late Professor of Theology, University of Göttingen.
ARNOLD RUEEGG (†), Late Pastor at Birmensdorf and Lecturer at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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GEORG WILHELM RUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of the Philosophy of Religion and Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.
CARL VICTOR RYSSEL (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Zurich.
ERNST SCHAEFER, Ph.D., Editor of Der alte Glaube, Leipsic.
PHILIPP HEINRICH WILHELM THEODOR SCHAEFER, Th.D., Head of the Deaconess Institute, Aitona, Prussia.
DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D., Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
PHILIP SCHAFF (†), D.D., LL.D., Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
OTTO YEOUAN SCHMID, New York City.
REINHOLD SCHMID, Th.Lic., Pastor at Oberholzheim, Württemberg.
ARTHUR BENNO SCHMIDT, Dr.Jur., Professor of German and Ecclesiastical Law, University of Giessen.
CARL WILHELM ADOLF SCHMIDT (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Strasburg.
CHARLES SCHNETZLER, Pastor at Cormoret, Canton of Bern.
KARL SCHOTTENLOHER., Ph.D., Assistant at the Royal Library, Munich.
MAXIMILIAN VICTOR SCHULTZE, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald.
LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D., Th.D., Retired Professor of Dogmatics and Ethics, University of Rostock.
EDMUND ALEXANDER DE SCHWEINITZ (†), D.D.,
Late Bishop of the Unity of the Brethren, Bethlehem, Pa.
REINHOLD SEEBERG, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.
EMIL SEHLING, Dr.Jur., Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen.
ERNST SELLIN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of the Old Testament, University of Rostock.
ISAAC SHARPLESS, B.S., LL.D., L.H.D., President of Haverford College, Haverford, Pa.
HENRY FOX SHUPE, D.D., Editor of The Watchword, Dayton, O.
FRIEDRICH ANTON EMIL SIEFFERT (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn.
AGNES G. SMITH, Of The Volunteers of America.
NEWNAN SMYTH, D.D., Pastor Emeritus of the First Congregational Church, New Haven, Conn. |
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PHILIPP FRIEDRICH ADOLPH THEODOR SPAETH (†), D.D., LL.D., Late Professor in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mount Airy, Philadelphia.
EMIL ELIAS STEINMEYER, Ph.D., Professor of the German Language and Literature, University of Erlangen.
HORST STEPHAN, Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Systematic Theology and Church History, University of Marburg.
HERMANN LEBERECHT STRACK, Ph.D., Th.D., Honorary Professor of Old-Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, University of Berlin.
P. M. TZSCHIRNER (†), Ph.D., Late of Leipeic, Germany.
FRIEDRICH UHLHORN, Pastor at Hameln, Prussia.
HENRY VAN ARSDALE, Santa Barbara, Cal.
SIETSE DOUWES VAN VEEN, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Utrecht. |
EBERHARD VISCHER, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Basel.
FRIEDRICH VOGTHERR, Dr.Jur., Assistant Circuit Judge, Weissenburg, Bavaria.
GUSTAV WARNECK (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Honorary Professor of Missions, University of Halle.
GEORGE WASHBURN, D.D., LL.D., Lecturer, Lowell Institute, Boston, and former President of Robert College, Constantinople.
GEORGE THOMAS WEBB, Editor, American Baptist Publication Society.
JOHANNES WEISS, Th.D., Professor of New-Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.
EDWARD ELIHU WHITFIELD, M.A., Retired Public Schoolmaster, London.
ERNST WITTICH, Ph.D., Th.D., Retired General Superintendent, Stuttgart.
RUDOLF ZEHNPFUND, Ph.D., Pastor in Oranienbaum, Germany.
OTTO ZOECKLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald. |
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