³   To those who do not regard separatism as an unmixed evil. but as a thing sometimes demanded by way of protest against intolerable State Church conditions, the above criticism will seem to lack force. If conditions in Germany in the seventeenth and the eighteenth century had made possible the rise of denominations, as in England, the religious life of the nation might have attained to and maintained a higher standard. and the triumph of rationalism in the Enlightenment (q.v.) might have been averted.
   A. H. N.

⁴In connection with the following treatment the reader should consult the articles on the various churches and denominational bodies of which mention is made in the course of the discussion, which articles usually contain accounts of the principles and the details of church government prevailing within the several bodies. See also such articles as Church, the Christian; Church Government; Church and State; Collegialism; Territorialism; Bishop; Deacon; Episcopacy; and Organization of the Early Church.

⁵d. in prison after supersession

⁶removed 963.

⁷Clement V, moved the papal see to Avignon in 1309; and his successors continued to reside there for seventy years, till Gregory XI. After that date arose a forty-years' schism between the Roman popes and the Avignon popes.

⁸ The using of this country as a penal settlement was one of the consequences of American independence. After 1619 convicted prisoners in England were either sent or allowed to go to the United Provinces, but when the American Revolution took place, Britain had to consider her future mode of dealing with such. Captain Cook's report of the country suggested New South Wales as a penal settlement, for the purpose of ridding England of its numerous criminals, as furnishing a safe place of their detention, and as promising a desirable home for time-expired and well-behaved prisoners, giving them a chance of reputable living, and in 1787 the first prisoners reached the colony.

⁹The tables are necessarily carried back to about the year 1900 because that is the latest date at which anything like general statistics or even estimates are obtainable. It would afford no adequate basis of comparison to take later figures such as are available from some countries when only much earlier figures are at hand for others.—The Editors.]

¹⁰G. Warneek, Abriss der Geschichte der protestantischen Missionen, p. 375, Berlin, 1901.

¹¹Fournier de Flaix in Bulletin de l’Institut international de Statistique, iv. 2 (1889), 146.

¹²H. Wagner, Lehrbuch der Geographie, p 179, Hanover, 1903.

¹³H. Zeller, in G. Warneck's Allgemeine Missionszeitschrift, xxx. 70. Zeller's figures for the Eastern Church are 106,480,000, Orthodox; 8,130,000 "other [Eastern] Christians."

¹⁴H. A. Krose, in Stimmen aus Maria Laach, lxv (1903), 16 sqq., 187 sqq. For the Eastern Church Krose gives Greek Orthodox 109,147,272; schismatic Orientals, 6,554,913; Raskolniks (Russian dissenters), 2,173,371.

¹⁵In view of the existence of "originality and freshness" in so late a book as (e.g.) Jonah (cf. Driver, Introduction,10th ed., p. 322), it seems hardly historical to imply that such qualities were totally and uniformly absent in later times. G. W. G.

¹⁶Hinschius' edition of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals also contains the following documents which are not included by the author of the present article among either the genuine or the spurious portions: decretal of Damasus to Paulinus on the condemnation of certain heretics (pp. 499–501); three decretals of Siricius (pp. 520–525); four letters of Innocent I. (pp. 527–533); eighteen more letters of the same pope (pp. 544–553); two decretals of Zosimus (pp. 553–554); three decretals of Boniface I., and a reply from Honorius (pp. 554–556); three decretals of Celestine I. (pp. 556–561); thirty-six decretals of Leo I. with a rescript of Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, and a letter of Ravennius (pp. 580–627); another decretal of Leo I. (pp. 629–639); three decretals of Hilary (pp. 630–632); one decretal of Simplicius and a letter of Acatius, bishop of Constantinople (pp. 632–633); three decretals of Felix III. (pp. 633–635); Gelasius, De recipiendis et non recipiendis libris (pp. 635–637); two decretals of Gelasius (pp. 650–654); a letter of Anastasius II. to the Emperor Anastasius (pp. 654–657); a letter of Symmachus (p. 657); a decretal of Hormisdas and replies (pp. 686–694); decretal of Vigilius to Profuturus (pp. 710–712); and three decretals of Gregory the Great (pp. 732–735).