MANNING, HENRY EDWARD: English c:udi nal; b. at Totteridge (12 m. s.w. of Hertford) July
15, 1807; d. in London Jan. 14, 1892. He received his preparatory education at Harrow, and went in
1827 to Balliol College, Oxford. His chief distinction in the university was as a debater, rather than as a scholar. At this period of his life his inter ests were primarily political, but the
Early Life financial losses sustained by his father and Education. rendered a parliamentary career impossible for him, and after graduating with first-class honors in 1830 he ob tained a subordinate position in the colonial office.
Coming under Evangelical influence he resigned in 1832 and returned to Oxford. There he was
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In 1864 Cardinal Wiseman died, and the pope, ignoring the names submitted to him by the chapter, nominated Manning his successor as archbishop of Westminster, London. He was consecrated at the pro-cathedral of St. Mary's, Moorfields, June 8, received the pallium at Rome on Michaelmas Day, and was enthroned at St. Mary's Nov. 6. A rigid disciplinarian, he spared neither himself nor others, and worked consistently in an ultramontane spirit to advance Roman Catholicism in Eng-
Labors for land, He accordingly opposed New his New man's plan of founding a Roman
Faith. Catholic hall at Oxford, and, believing that the Roman Catholic Church should provide education for its own members, he made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Roman Catholic university at Kensington, which remained open only from 1874 to 1878. On the other hand, he was more than successful in the promotion of parochial schools, and was unswerving in his opposition to all that was at variance with the teaching of his Church.
He gained additional prominence in 1870 by his advocacy of the doctrine of papal infallibility, and in 1875 replied to Gladstone in his Vatican Decrees
in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance. On Mar. 15 of the same year he was created a cardinal, although he did not receive the hat until Dec. 31, 1877, when he was in Rome. After the death of Pius IX. (Feb.
7, 1878), Manning attended the conclave and, although some of the Italian cardinals were pro pared to vote for him as pope, he cast his ballot for Cardinal Pecei (Leo XIII.). With the new pope, however, he was less in sympathy, and for the remainder of his life his chief interests were social questions, especially total abstinence, for the advancement of which he founded a "League of the Cross," which in 1874 numbered some 30,000
members in London alone. He was
Philan- likewise extremely active in the cause thropic of labor, and his urgent advocacy of
Interests. the claims of the working classes drew upon him the charge of socialism, al though he rightly denied the truth of the assertion.
In 1889 he assisted in settling the strike of the long shoremen, while he was also active in movements for the suppression of the East African slave-trade and Hindu child-marriage, in addition to advoca ting the raising of the minimum age for child labor.
Cardinal Manning was a prolific writer, and his works betoken a man of sincere conviction, earnest faith, and noble character. He was preeminently an ecclesiastic and a diplomat, even though in mat ters of mere intellect he was inferior to certain others of his period. His chief works, written for the most part under the press of manifold ecclesiastical and public duties, are as follows: The Unity of the Church (London, 1842); So-== (4 vols.,
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1842-50); Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford (Oxford, 1844); The Grounds of Faith (London, 1852); Sermons on Ecclesiastical Subjects (3 vols., Dublin, 1863-73); The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost (London, 1865); England and Christendom (1867); Petri privilegium (1871); National Education and Parental Rights (1872); The Internal Mission of the Holy Ghost (1875); The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance (1875); The Infallible Church and the Holy Communion of Christ's Body and Blood (1875); The True Story of the Vatican Council (1877); Miscellanies (3 vols., 1877-88); National Education (1889); and the posthumous Pastimes (1893).
Bibliography: Lives have been written by E. S. Puroell, 2 vols., London, 1895; A. Zimmermann, 1880; A. W. Hutton, London, 1892; J. R. Gasquet, ib. 1895; F. de Pressensd, Paris, 1896, Eng. transl., London, 1897 (reviewed by G. Grabineki, Uno Studio su1 Card. Manning, Florence, 1897); H. M. Hemmer, Paris, 1898; and W. P, Ward, in Ten Personal Studies, New York, 1898. Consult further: J. Lemire, Le Cardinal Manning et son action socials, Paris, 1893; Cardinal Manning: a Character Sketch or Foreshadowinpe. Being Extracts from his earlier Sermons, ed. H. E. H. King, London, 1895; S. Roamer, Cardinal Manning as Presented in his own Letters and Notes, London, 1896; J. A. Nicholson, The Adoration of Christ. A Vindication of the Catholic Doctrine and Refutation of the Heresies taught by Card. Manning in the Devotion to the Sacred Heart, ed. C. E. Roney-Dougal, London, 1897; DNB, :vcavi. 62-68 (the bibliography contains reference to much incidental matter). A noteworthy list of magazine literature is indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, pp. 676-677.
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