MANIPLE. See Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical.

MANN, CAMERON: Protestant Episcopal mis sionary bishop of North Dakota; b. in New York City Apr. 3, 1851. He was educated at Hobart College (A.B., 1870) and the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1873, and was ordered deacon in the latter year and ad vanced to the priesthood in 1876. After being a missionary at Branchport and Dresden, N. Y., in 1873-74 and curate of St. Peter's, Albany, N. Y., in 1875, he was rector successively of St. James', Watkins, N. Y., from 1876 to 1881 and of Grace, Kansas City, Mo., from 1881 to 1901. In 1902 he was consecrated missionary bishop of North Da kota. In theology he is a liberal High-church man, and has written Future Punishment (New York, 1888) and Comments at the Cross (1893).

MANN, WILHELM JULIUS: Lutheran tbeo logian; b. in Stuttgart, Germany, May 29, 1819; d. in Boston, Mass., June 20, 1892. He received his preparatory education in the Latin school at Blaubeuren and the excellent gymnasium of his native town. In his early school-days he became the intimate friend of Philip Schaff, "the presiding genius of international theology" as he afterward used to call his learned friend. In 1837 he took up the study of theology at the University of Tübingen, where Professor Christian Friedrich Schmidt exerted the greatest influence on him. In 1845 he came to America through the invitation of Philip Schaff. He first taught in Mereersburg, Pa., and for some time was assistant pastor of Salem's Re formed Church in Philadelphia. In 1848 he be- came coeditor, with Dr. Schaff, of Der deutsche Kirchenfreund, becoming editor-in-chief in 1854. In 1850 he accepted a call to the Evangelical-Lutheran Zion's congregation in Philadelphia, founded by Henry Melchior Muehlenberg (q.v.) and entered the Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania, where he found his proper spiritual home and field for his pastoral and theological activity in this country. Twice he held the office of president of the Ministerium and wrote, in connection with his friend, Dr. G. F. Krotel, an exposition of Luther's Catechism, which was published by the synod and is still in use. In the confessional controversy which agitated the Lutheran Church about the middle of the nineteenth century, he took strong ground against "American Lutheranism" and its champion, Dr. Samuel Simon Schmucker (q.v.). Against the latter's Definite Platform (1855) Dr. Mann wrote his Plea for the Augsburg Confession (Philadelphia, 1856) and in the following year his Lutheranism in America: an Essay on the present Condition of the Lutheran Church in the United States. When the Ministerium of Pennsylvania founded its own theological seminary in Philadelphia (1864) Dr. Mann was elected a member of the first faculty, together with Drs. Charles Porterfield Krauth and Charles William Schaeffer. For twenty-seven years he held his position as professor of Hebrew, New-Testament exegesis, German homiletics, Symbolics, and ethics. He prepared a little text-book for his students in ethics: General Principles of Christian Ethics: the first Part of the System of Christian Ethics by C. F. Schmidt (1872). During the last part of his life his literary activity was chiefly confined to the sphere of American, particularly Pennsylvanian, church history. His principal works in this field are: Life and Times of Henry Melchior Mühlenberg (Philadelphia, 1887), written for the centennial of Mühlenberg's death; and the new edition of the Halle Reports prepared by Dr. Mann in connection with Drs. Beale Melanchthon Schmucker and W. Germann, in Germany. Only the first volume of this important and valuable publication was completed by him. Another valuable book is his life of William Penn, in German (Reading, Pa., 1882).

Adolph Spaeth.

Bibliography: Emma T. Mann, Memoir of the Life and Work of W. J. Mann, Philadelphia, 1893 (by his daughter); A. Spaeth, in Lutheran Church Review, Jan., 1893, also published in pamphlet form, Dr. W. J. Mann, ein deutsJA-amerikanischer Theologe, Erinnerungablaetter, Reading, 1895; H. E. Jacobs, in American Church History Series, vol. iv., passim, New York, 1893.