Martin

MARTIN: The name of five popes. Martin I.: Pope 64953. He came originally from Tubertinum (Todi) in Umbria. Before as cending the papal throne as successor to The odore I., in July, 649, he was apocrisiary, or papal envoy, in Constantinople. His ordination was solemnized without the approval of Emperor Constans II. Further, in Oct., 649, at the Lateran Synod, Martin condemned the Monothelite doc trine, together with the imperial edict (Typos) for bidding further controversy on the subject (see Monothelites). The emperor now ordered Olym pius, exarch of Ravenna, to proceed to Rome and seize the pope; but for some reason or other Olym pius failed to execute this commission. Probably he hoped for support from the pope in connection with his treasonable designs of founding an Italian kingdom independent of Byzantium. On the death of Olympius, the Exarch Ralliopa proceeded with greater energy. In the night of June 17-18, 653, he caused the pope to be seized in the Church of the Lateran, and carried captive to Constantinople. According to the usual acceptation, he was first detained a year or so on the Island of Naxos, and reached Constantinople not before Sept. 17, 654. But possibly (cf. E. Michael in ZKT, xvi. 1892, pp. 375-380) he reached there in the autumn of 653. In the face of a brutal arraignment Martin exhibited an extraordinary firmness of character. It ap pears that he escaped the penalty of quartering, with which he was threatened, through the inter cession of Patriarch Paul of Constantinople. On Mar. 26, 655 (or 654), Martin was conveyed to Cherson in the Crimea, where he died on Sept. 16 of the same year. The Greek Church venerates him as confessor on Apr. 11, the Church of Rome as martyr on Nov. 12.

G. Krüger.

Bibliography: The letters are collected in Mansi, Concilia, x. 785-853, 1170--88 and in MPL, lxxxvii. 119-204, cf. Jaffé, Regesta i. 230-234. The CommemoruNo oorum qua . seta eunt . in . . . Martinum papaw, is also in Man® x. 853-864. Consult: Lib., Ponti,/kalis, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 336-340, Paris, 1886, ed. T. Mommsen, in MOH_ Oeat. Pont. Rom., i 1898), 181-184; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, vol. i., Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius. Hut. of de City of Rome, ii. 144-149, London,

1$94; Mann, Pop-, f, 385-405;Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 212-239, Eng. transl., v. 97 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 448-450; Milrhan, Latin Christianity, ii. 278-280; Platina, Popes, i. 153-155; DCB, iii. 848-857.

Martin II. See Marinus I. Martin III. See Marinus II. Martin IV.: Pope 1281-1285. Simon de Brion, of a family in Touraine, had already held ecclesiastical positions at Rouen, later at Tours, when he was appointed chancellor of France by Louis IX. in 1260 and created a cardinal by Urban IV. in 1261. As papal legatein France he conducted the negotiations with Charles of Anjou concerning the assumption of the Sicilian crown; and it was due to the influence of Charles that the conclave at Viterbo, after the death of Nicholas III., unani mously elected Cardinal Simon pope on Feb. 22, 12$1. In honor of Saint Martin of Tours, Simon adopted the name of Martin. His pontificate was entirely subservient to the policy of France. After his coronation at Orvieto Mar. 22, 1281 (for the Romans would not receive him within their walls), Martin bestowed on Charles of Anjou the office of a Roman senator, and sought at the same time, with the Sicilian king's assistance, to take posses sion of the Romagna. The complete dependence of Martin IV. on Charles of Anjou became evident when the pope, in deference to the king's desires and aims toward the sovereignty of Greece, ful minated excommunication against Emperor Michael Paheologus. In the strife that broke out between the Greek emperor and the king of Sicily, the pope supported the latter to the extent of a six years' loan of the Church tithes accruing from Sardinia. But scarcely had he taken this step when Charles of Anjou's dominion over Sicily was terminated by the Sicilian vespers, Mar. 31, 1282. The consequent insurrection in Rome led to the deposition of Charles of Anjou as senator, and to the election of a tribune of the republic; and Martin, who sojourned at Orvieto, was obliged to make prompt acknowledgment of these decisions. Martin died Mar. 28, 1285.7~

Carl Mirbt.

Bibliography: Sources are: Lee Redo Martin IV., in Bibliothtque des &oiea françaisee d'Ath&es et de Rome, 2 ser., vol. xvi., Paris, 1901 sqq.; F. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii, vi. 1, ed. O. Redlich, Innsbruck, 1898; A. Pott hast, Regesta ponti*um Romammm, pp. 1756-95, Berlin, 1874; Mitteitunoen sue dew vatikaniechen Archive, vol. i., ed. F. Kaltenbrunner, vol. ii., ed. O. Redlich Vienna, 1889-94; Martini OPpaviensie chronicon p ontifcum d imyeMtorum, continuatio . . . , e d. L. W eiland in MOH, Script., xx (1888), 477 sqq.; and the early life to be found in L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, iii. 1, pp. 608-610, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-51. Consult: F. Gre. gorovius Hint of the City of Rome, v. 492-501, London, 1897; H. C. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, i. $9, 525, ii. 121, 248, iii. 190, 196, New York, 1906; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 209 sqq.; Bower opes, iii. 29-34; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi 143-171; Platins, Popes, ii. 111-114. A full list of scattered references is given in HauckHerzog, RE, xii. 381.

Martin V.: Pope 1417-31. Oddo Colonna was born probably at Genazzano (26 m. e. of Romef in 1368. He was educated at the university of Perugia and became prothonotary under Urban VI. In 1405 Innocent VII. made him cardinal deacon of St. George in Velabro. Under Gregory XIII. he left his Roman obedience, took part in the Council of Pisa and became an adherent of John XXIII. On Nov. 11, 1417, at the Council of Constance (q.v.),

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he was unanimously elected pope, after the deposi tion of John XXIII., Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. Thus the unity of the Church was restored after the forty years' schism (see ScHism). Mar tin was filled with the idea of a papal autocracy, a regeneration of ancient Roman imperialism con sistently applied to the papacy. There was no means of harmonizing that autocratic ideal with the ideas of the reformers of the council; 'but Martin had the prudence to avoid an open conflict. He never confessed hiss adherence to the decrees of the council, and thwarted the plan of a uniform reform of the Church by the innovation of national con cordats. He left Constance May 16, 1418, but was not able to enter Rome till Sept. 28, 1420. He found the States of the Church in the most desolate condition, but owing to his energy and tenacity they were soon restored in their former extent. In conformity with a decree of the Council of Con stance that a new council be called within five years, he called a council at Pavia in 1423, which was im mediately transposed to Siena. Here, as at Con stance, antipapal tendency began to spread, and Martin found it advisable to dissolve the assembly, using the small attendance and the dissension of the powers as a pretext. He intended to satisfy the reformers by a bull issued on May 16, 1425, but the demand for a general council became more urgent. The future council was to be held at Basel; but Martin showed no indulgence, being a decided opponent of conciliarism. He died suddenly at Rome Feb. 20, 1431.

(B. Bess.)

Bibliography: The early sources for a life are collected in L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum "ptores, iii. 2, pp. 857-868, 1121-22, 26 vols., Milan, 1723-51: Martin's bulls are in Manei, Concilia, vol. xxviii. Consult A. von Reumont Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii: 1162 sqq., iii. 56 sqq., Berlin, 1868-70; B. Jungmann, Diaeertationea asleeta, vol. vi., Regensburg, 1886; Funk, in TQ, lxx (1888), 451-465; F. Bernet, in Revue des questions historiyues, G (1892), 373-423; H. C. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, passim, vols. i.-iii., New York, 1906; Pastor, Popes, i. 208-282; Creighton, Papacy, ii. 10G-163; Bower, Popes, iii. 201-218; Milman, Latin Chnity, vii. 513-535; Platinal, Popes, ii. 200-213; and much of the literature under Constance, Council of. A list of scattered notices may be consulted in Hauck-Hersog, RE, xii. 3$2-383.