MARTI, KARL: Swiss Reformed; b. at Buben dorf (10 m. s.e. of Basel) Apr. 25, 1855. He was educated at the universities of Basel, Göttingen, and Leipsic from 1873 to 1878, after which he held Re formed pastorates successively at Buns (1878-Sb) and Muttenz (1885-95), both in Baselland. From 1881 to 1894 he was also privat-docent for theology at the University of Basel, where he was appointed associate professor in the latter year. In 1895 he left the ministry and accepted his present position of full professor of theology at the University of Bern, where he has also been professor of Semitic philology since 1901. He has written: Der Prophet Jeremia von Anatot (Basel, 1889); Der Prophet Sacharja, der Zeitgenosse Serubbabels (Freiburg, 1892); Der Einf loss der Ergebnisse der neveren alt testamentlichen Forschungen muf Religionsgeschichte and Glaubenslehre (Brunswick, 1894); Kurzgefasste Grammatik der biblisch-aramdischen Sprache (Ber lin, 1896); and Die Religion des Alten Testaments unter den Religionen des vorderen Orients (Tübingen, 1906; Eng. transl., The Religion of the Old Testament , London, 1907). He likewise edited the second edition of August Kayser's Theologie des Alten Tes taments (Strasburg, 1894; the third, fourth, and fifth editions, 1897-1907, bearing the title Geschichte der israelitischen Religion), and Kurzer Hand-CO'rilr mentar zum Alten Testament, in collaboration with I. Benziger, A. Bertholet, K. Budde, B. Duhm, H. Holzinger, and G. Wildeboer (20 vols., Tübingen, 1897-1904), to which Marti himself contributed the volumes on Isaiah (1900), Daniel (1901), and the Minor Prophets (1904). He is also the editor of Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

MARTIANAY, mdr"tl"8"n6', JEAN: French Benedictine of St. Maur; b: at St. Sever-Cap (75 m. a. of Bordeaux) Dec. 30, 1647; d. in Paris June 16, 1717. He entered the Benedictine order in 1668 and devoted himself to the study of Greek and Hebrew. In opposition to Paul Pezron, he defended the traditional Biblical chronology in his Defense du texts h6breu et de la chronologie de la vulgate (Paris, 1689; supplement, 1693); while in his Divi Hieronymi prodromus (Paris, 1690) he roused hopes of a new edition of Jerome which were not fulfilled in the edition itself (5 vols., 1693-1706; the first volume in collaboration with A. Pouget). His work was sharply criticized by R. Simon in his Lettres critiques (Basel, 1699) and by J. Clericus in his Qumstiones Hieronymiante (Amsterdam, 1700), as well as by D. Vallarsi in his edition of Jerome (Verona, 1734-42). Martianay also wrote a Vie de St. Jhr6nw (Paris, 1706), which, unfortunately, abounds in chronological errors. He likewise wrote on the Itala, not only in the preface to his edition of Jerome, but also in the introduction /to his Vul gata antiqua latina et itala versio evangelic aecundum Matthaum (Paris, 1695) and in his Remarques sur la version italique de l'tvangile de St. Matthieu (1695). His hermeneutic principles, based on Augustine and Jerome, are developed in his Traits m6thodique ou manure d'expliquer L'Ecriture par le secaurs de trois syntaxes, la propre, la figure et 1'harmorique (Paris, 1704), in which he subordinated the metaphorical interpretation to the literal, and

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urged a rigid observance both of context and of syntax.

(G. Laubmann.)

Bibliography: D. Tessin, Hist. littéraire do la conprigation do Saint-Maur, pp. 382-397, Brussels, 1770; J. B. Vanel, Les B&b"ns de Saint-Maur IB3P-1798, pp. 112-115, Paris, 1896; Lichtenberger, ESR, viii. 743-744; AL, viii. 914-916.