MARIANISTS (Knights of the Glorious Virgin; Fratres Gaudentes): A Roman Catholic order established among the nobility of Bologna. about 1233 by the Dominican Bartolomeo de Bragantiis. Its object was to promote public safety during the struggles of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and to assist widows, orphans, and all in distress. The first Grand Master was Loderino Andalo of Bologna. The Marianists were divided into conventuals and married, the rule of the order permitting not only marriage but also the possession of property and secular life, thus giving rise to the epithet of "Joyous Brothers" as applied to the knights. The habit of the knights was white, with an ashen-gray mantle bearing a red cross, while the conventuals wore a white or gray habit. Commanderies were gradually established in Modena, Mantua, Treviso, and several other cities of northern Italy, but by the end of the sixteenth century the Marianists doclined, and at the death of their last commendator, Camillo Volta, in 1589, Sixtus V. presented their estates to the college of Montalto.

The Teutonic Knights were occasionally'termed " Marianists " or " Knights of St. Mary," and a community of regular clergy established in 1588 by Giovanni Adorno of Genoa and St. Francisco Cargo cioli of Naples was at first termed " Regular Clerks of St. Mary," although, at the wish of Sixtus V., this name was soon exchanged for " Regular Minor Clerks." In 1816 two French missionary societies were founded bearing the name of the Virgin: the "Oblates of the Immaculate Virgin Mary," founded by the Provenpal Bishop J. E. de Mazenod (d. 1861) and soon numbering seventy houses in five prov inces (three European and two American); and the "Society of Mary," founded by the Abbé Colin, which was confirmed in 1836 and has since worked chiefly in Oceania.

(O. Zöckler†.)

MARINUS, ma-rai'nvs or ma-rt'nus: The name of two popes.

Marinus L : Pope 882-884. He was the son of a priest named Palumbus, of Gallese in Tuscany, was a subdeacon under Leo IV. (847-855), and became a deacon in 862 or soon after. In 866 he was sent as one of Nicholas L's envoys to the eastern emperor, but was stopped on the Grew-Bulgarian frontier and forted to return to Rome. He was in attendance upon the eighth ecumenical council as legate of Adrian II., Nov., 869-Feb., 870, and was recognized as the most capable Roman representative. He next became treasurer (arcarius) of the Roman see, archdeacon, and bishop of Caere in Etruria. He represented John VIII. in the negotiations of 879-580 with Charles the Fat, and went again to Constantinople in the latter year to persuade Photius into submission, but failed and was imprisoned. He was elected pope in Dec., 882, the

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first case of the breach of the ancient rule forbid ding the translation of bishops from one see to an other. He came to terms with Charles the Fat in June, 883, and succeeded in reconciling the adher ents of Formosus, whom he recalled to Rome and to the occupancy of his see of Porto. He excom municated Photius (q.v.), and maintained friendly relations with the English King Alfred, dying in the middle of May, 884.

(H. Böhmer.)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, ii., p. lxvii., 224, Paris, 1892 J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vita?, i. 29, Leipsic, 1862; J. Hergenröther, Photius, ii. 650-651, Regensburg, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Poltik der Päpste, vol. ii., Elberfeld, 1869; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iii. 205-206, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii, 292-293; Mihnan, Latin Christianity, iii. 101; Mann, Popes, iii. 353-361 et passim.

Marinus II.: Pope 942-946. He was chosen under the influence of Alberic, who retained entire control of his actions until his death.

It should be noticed that the two popes above named are in the later lists designated as Martin II. And III., so that the second Martin (1281,85) is counted as Martin IV.

(H. Böhmer.)

Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne ii., pp. lxix.-lxx., Paris, 1892; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vita;, i. 40, Leipsic, 1862; R. Baxmann, Politik der Päpste, ii. 94 sqq., Elberfeld, 1869; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iii, 318-321, London, 1895.