MACCOVIUS, ma-Wvi-us, JOHANNES (Jan Makowsky): Polish Reformed theologian; b. at Lobzenic, Poland, 1588; d. at Franeker, Holland, June 24, 1644. After visiting various universities as the tutor of young Polish nobles, and holding disputations with Jesuits and Socinians, he entered the University of Franeker in 1613. There he be came privat-docent in 1614 and professor of theology is 1615 Theologically he was a rigid Calvin ist of the extreme supralapea,rian school, and theses of a corresponding character, defended in 1616 by one of his pupils, involved him in a controversy with his colleague Sibrandus Lubbertus (q.v.) which was settled only by the Synod of Dort in 1619. The synod, while neither approving nor condemning his aupralapsarisniam, acquitted Maccovius of the charges of heresy brought against him, but advised him to be more cautious and peaceable. Never theless, he became involved in another controversy at Dort with his subsequent colleague William Ames (q.v.) by asserting that all things that moat be be lieved are not necessarily true, that no impulse toward regeneration and effecting it exists in the unregenerate, and that Christ is the object of faith because of whom, but not in whom, man must be lieve. Maccovius' theory of Scripture was very free, and he distinguished sharply between scholar ship and beliefs essential to salvation. His fame attracted many students to Franeker. His chief works are: Collegia theologica (Amsterdam, 1623); and the posthumous Maccovius rediarivus sine man uacripta eius typia ezacn:pta (Franeker, .1847) and Loci communes (1650).

(S. D. van Veen.)

Bibliography: A. Huyper,Jr., Johanna Macooniw, Ley den, 1899; E. L. Briemoet, Athenaeum Frisiacarum IiGri, pp. lb1-180, Leeuwarden. 1758; J. Herings Ex, in dr ehisf moor Kerketijke Otschiedenie, 1831, iii. 503-584; W. B. 8. Boeh, Frieslanda 1Joopssdwot en keg Mike Atho norum to Fmnekar, ii 90-94, Leeuwarden, 1889.

MacCRACKEN, HENRY MITCHELL: Presbyterian; b, at Oxford, O., Sept. 28, 1840. He was educated at Miami University, Oxford, O. (A.B., 1857), United Presbyterian Theological Seminary,

Xenia, O. (1880-82), Princeton Theological Seminary (from which he was graduated in 1863), sad the universities of Tübingen and'Berlin (18678). In 1857-58 he was a teacher of classics in Grove Academy, Cedarville, O., and in 18580 was superintendent of the Union Schools of South Charleston, O., after which be was pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, Columbus, O. (1863-67), and the First Presbyterian Church, Toledo, O. (1868,81). He was then chancellor of Western University, Pittsburg, Pa., for three years (1881-1884), and from 1884 to 1891 was professor of philosophy and vice-chancellor of New York University, and from 1891 to 1910 chancellor of the same institution. He was a deputy to the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1867 and to the General Assembly of the Irish Presbyterian Church in the same year and in 1884. He has edited, translated, and enlarged F. Piper's Evangelischer Calereder (Berlin, 1875) under the title Lives of the Leaders of our Church Universal (Philadelphia, 1880).