LUEBECK, BISHOPRIC OF: An ancient episcopal see of northern Germany, established originally at Oldenburg by Otto L, probably in 968, and subject to the metropolitan jurisdiction of Hamburg. The first bishop, Egward, was con secrated by Archbishop Adaldag. His diocese in cluded the whole of the Wendish territory, which was under Hamburg, or from the bay of Kiel south east to near the southern boundary of the present Mecklenburg. The Wendish risings of 990 and 1018 destroyed the work here, and when it was re vived by Archbishop Adalbert the diocese was re stricted to eastern Holstein. It was not till the time of Vicelin (q.v.) that the work was established on a permanent basis, and in 1158 the see was transferred to Lübeck by his successor Gerold (1155-63). The bishopric never attained great importance, being overshadowed by the growing power of the city.

(A. Hauck.)

The bishopric was made immediately subject to the empire under Conrad II. of Querfurt (1183-86). It had secular jurisdiction over a considerable territory; but the episcopal residence was usually at Eutin. The Reformation was first introduced under the influence of King Frederick I. of Denmark in 1524, and definitely established in 1530. It was not yet, however, possible to suppress or wholly to secularize the bishopric, so for a time bishops of Lutheran sympathies were elected. From 1586 the dignity was usually an appanage of the younger sons of the dukes of Holstein until 1706; and by the settlement of 1803 it was constituted a secular principality in favor of Peter Frederick William of Oldenburg and his heirs.

Bibliography: Sources are Urkundenbuch des Bistums L�beck, ed. W. Leverkue, Oldenburg, 1858; Adam, Gesta Hammenburgensis ecclesi�, ed. J. M. Lappenberg, in MGH, Script., vi (1848), 287-389; Helmold, Chroaica Slavarum, ed. idem, ib. axf (1889), 1-99; Arnold, Chronica Slavorum, ed, idem, ib. pp. 100-250; Annales Lubicenaes, ed. idem, ib, xvi (1859), 411-429; Series epiacaporum Lubicenetum, ib. aiii (1881), 347. Consult: Hauck,

KD, vols., iii. iv.; E. A. T. Laepeyres, Die BekshrungNord AZ6inDiena, Halle, 1884; O. I)ehio, Geschichte des Erebea tume Hamburg-Bremen, 2 vols., Berlin, 1878; C. Eubel, Hierarchic cathodica medii avi, 2 vols., M duster, 1898-1901.

LUECKE, lake, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German Lutheran theologian; b. at Bgeln (18 m. s.w. of Magdeburg) Aug. 24, 1791; d. at Göttingen Feb. 14, 1855. He was educated at the cathedral school of Magdeburg and at the universities of Halls and Göttingen. In 1816 he went to Berlin, where the influence of Bunsen and Lachmann won him Schleiermacher's friendship and a position as licentiate and privat-docent in theology. He gladly took part in the "Evangelical union" which was sealed by the united communion service of Oct. 31, 1817. His publications in this period were Grundrisa der netttestamentlichen Hermeneutik urul ihrer Geschichte (Göttingen, 1816); Ueber den rteutestamentlichen Kanon des Eusebius (Berlin, 1817); a new edition of Melanchthon's "Apology" (1818); and, in collaboration with De Wette, Synopsis evaatgeliorum (1818). In the autumn of 1818 he was called to the chair of theology in the new University of Bonn. Here for eight years he exercised a great and happy influence on the students, at the same time taking an active part in the reorganization of Evangelical church life in Rhenish Prussia. At Bonn he published his principal work, the Kommentar abet die Schriften des Evangeliaten Johannes (3 vols., 1820-25; Eng. transl. in part, Edinburgh, 1837). The first volume was hailed as a powerful support to positive theology, and was attacked with equal warmth by the rationalizing party under Paulus of Heidelberg. Toward the end of his stay at Bonn Lucks engaged in another controversy with Ferdinand Delbrück, who urged a return to the standards of the primitive regula fidei and the Apostles' Creed in place of the Scriptural basis of Protestant theology. With his colleagues Sack and Nitzsch, Lücke issued three open letters Ueber das Ansehen der heiligen,Schrift und ihr Verhdltnisa xur Glaubenaregel in der protestantischen and in der alten. Kirche (Bonn, 1827), of which the third and longest was all his own. He was also associated with Schleiermacher and De Wette in publishing the Theologische Zeitachr(/'t from 1819 to 1822, and with Gieseler in the shortlived Zeitschrift für gebildete Christen der evangelischen Kirche (1823); and in 1827, together with Nitzsch, Gieseler, Ullmann and Umbreit, he established the still flourishing Theologische Studien arid Kritiken to represent, in a favorite phrase of his, "the alliance of the free scientific spirit with the power of the specifically Christian spirit."

Meantime, in the autumn of 1827, he had migrated to Göttingen to succeed StAudlin, and there he spent the rest of his life, devoting himself rather to New-Testament exegesis and systematic theology instead of to church history which had been his special work at Bonn. In spite of the anxious days of the revolution of 1831 and the difficulties brought upon the university by the changes made in the constitution of Hanover in 1837 by King Erneat August, he declined calls to Kiel and Halls in 1838, to Jena in 1843, and to Leipsic in 1845. The government rewarded his constancy by the positions of councilor in the consistory at Hanover (1839) and of abbot of Bursfeld (1843). His later years were troubled by increasing theological isolation, as the younger men went off either to the radical camp of Baur and the Tübingen school, or to the strict Lutheran party of Harless, Kahnis, and Thomasius, with its center at Erlangen and Leipsic. Lucks and his friends attempted to hold a middle course between these two extremes, insisting in the spirit of Schleiermacher on the historical and permanent value of the Reformation confessions of faith, while avoiding any blind aymbololatry and vindicating the clear and practical nature of theology.

Lilcke's Göttingen period was also one of busy literary activity. He completed his earlier Johannine work by a Verauch einer vollatdndigen Einleitung in die D,$'enbarurtg Johannis und die gesamte apokalyptische Iritteratur (Bonn, 1832), besides issuing two revised editions of the commentary

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itself (1833-36, 1840-58). He contributed a long series of important articles to periodicals and uni versity publications, the most noteworthy of which was the treatise Ueber das Alter and den Verfasser, die ursprungliche Farm and den wahrere Sinn den kirchlichen Friedenaspruches " In necesaariia unitas, etc." (Göttingen, 1860). Of practical importance, too, were four addresses delivered before the GtSt tinger Miseionsverein between 1840 and 1842, which prepared the way for the founding of the "Seminar für inhere Mission," the very name being taken from the last of them, though used not quite in his sense.

(F. Sander.)

Bibliography: Ltlcke's biography was written by F. San der, Hanover-Linden, 1891. There are notices by J. Müller in ZKW, 1865, hoe. 18-17; by R,edepenning in Proteetantiecha Kirchensaitung, 1865; and by Ehrenfeuchter, in T3R, 1855. Indications of further literature are given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, a. 874.