LYNCH, THOMAS TOKE: English Independent; b. at Dunmow (32 m. n.e. of London), Ewes, July 5, 1818; d. in London May 9, 1871. He was edu cated at Islington, London, and attended High bury College for a short time. He was pastor of the Independent Church at Highgate (1847-49); of a church in Mortimer Streets which afterward moved to Grafton Street (1849-52); and of one in Gower Street, afterward Mornington Church (1860 1871). Lynch had little success as a preacher, but as a hymn-writer he obtained great celebrity. His hymns, however, have been considered to betray too ardent a love of nature to be entirely suited to use in Christian worship. The beat-known is " Gra cious Spirit, dwell with me." He first came into prominence through the publication of The Rivu let: a Corttn'btttion to Sacred Song (London, 1855), which gave rise at the time to a fierce controversy because of the charge that it was pantheistic in tone. His chief opponents were James Grant and Dr. John Campbell; his chief supporters, Newman Hall and Thomas Binney. Lynch was his own beat defender, writing under the nom de plume of "Silent Long." Among his other writings are Memorials of Theophilus Trinal (largely autobiographical, 1850); Essays on some of the forms of Literature (1853); Lectures in Aid of Self-Improvement Improvement (1854); The Mornington Lecture (1870); and Sermons for my Curates (1871).

Bibliography: His Memoirs, ed. W. White, appeared London, 1874, and a small Critical and Descriptive Notice of . T. T. Lynch was published London, 1874. Consult: 6. W. Duffield, English Hymns, p.191, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 70b-708; DNB, zasv. 338-339.

LYNE, JOSEPH LEYCESTER (called Father Ignatius): Anglican monk: b. in London Nov. 23, 1837; d. at Camberley (31 m. s.w. of London) Oct. 16, 1908. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond, and was ordered deacon in 1860. He was then curate of St. Peter's, Plymouth, in 1880-62, and in 18623 was St. George's missioner under Father Lowder. In 1863 he entered upon the monastic life, and resided successively in the monasteries at Claydon (Suffolk), Norwich, and Laleham (Chertsey), for seven years. In 1870 he purchased an estate near Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, where he established Llanthony Abbey, of which he was chosen superior. In this abbey he introduced the Benedictine rule and the Scrum Missal. Refusing to leave off the monastic habit even while being ordained to the priesthood, he remained a deacon until 1898, when he accepted advancement from the schismatic Bishop Villatte. Later recognizing the error of his action, which was commonly considered a desertion of Anglican orders, he did not attempt to exercise the priestly office, but remained in simple lay communion with the Church of England. He was particularly successful as a miesioner, and in 1890-91 visited the United States and Canada in this capacity. In later years, however, he declined to preach in churches on account of his firm opposition to rationalism and higher criticism, he himself being a vigorous champion of orthodoxy. In addition to many sermons and pamphlets in defense of his position, in which he was frequently assailed, he wrote All for Jesus (London, 1867);

The Holy Isle: a Legend of Bardaey Abbey (1870); Leonard Morns, or, The Benedictine Novice (1870); Brother Placidus, and why he became a Monk: A Tale for the young Men of the Times (Brighton, 1870); Our Glorious Reformation (London, 1884); and Mission Sermons and Orations (1887).

Bibliography: Father Michael, O. 9. B., Father Ignatius do America, London, 1893; Baroness de Bertouch, Life of Father Ignatius, O. S. B., Monk of Llantlwny, ib. 1904.