John I.: Pope 523-526. He was consecrated Aug. 16 (or 13), 523. When in that year the Emperor Justin I. ordered a general persecution of heretics, the Arian Goths of the Danube province appealed for help to Theodoric, who conceived the idea of sending to Justin an embassy of prominent Romans, and John was forced to take part in it. Arriving in Constantinople at the end of 525, he achieved the purpose of his mission, but was thrown into prison on his return by Theodoric, who apparently considered him a supporter of the Byzantine party, and died there May 18, 526.

(H. BOEHMER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen, in MGH; Gest, pont. Rom., i (1898), 133-137; T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, iii. 510-520, Oxford, 1885; F, Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, i. 322, 328-329, London, 1894; G. Pfeilschifter, in Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, iii. 155-202, Münster, 1896; H. Grisar, Geschichie Roms und der Päpste, i. 481-493, Freiburg, 1898; Bower, Popes, i. 324-327; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 440-442; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 120-122, London, n.d.; DCB, iii, 389-390.

John II.: Pope 533-535. He was elected by the influence of the Ostrogothic court, and consecrated Jan. 2, 533. The most important event of his pontificate was the settlement of the Theopaschite controversy (see THEOPASCHITES). On June 6, 533, the Emperor Justinian laid before him a confession containing the disputed formula for confirmation. He hesitated a long time, but finally, on Mar. 24, 534, issued an approving document which with the emperor's letter, was included in the Code of Justinian. He deposed the adulterous Bishop Contumeliosus of Riez, and named Cæsarius of Arles administrator of the diocese--the first act of jurisdiction of this kind recorded of a pope.

(H. BOEHMER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liber pontificalis, ed Duchesne, i. 285-286, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest, pont. Rom.,

198

i (1898). 141; Cassiodorus, Variae, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Auct. Ant., xii (1894), 279 sqq., 331-332, and pp. xxix.-xxx.; T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, iv. 87 sqq., Oxford, 1885; J. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, ii. 313-324, Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, ii. 194-196, London, 1894; H. Grisar, Geschichte Roms und der Päpste, i. 497-498. Freiburg, 1898; Bower, Popes, i. 333-336; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 458; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 124-125, London, n.d.